Themes - Cal Flashcards
Transplacental?
TOXOplasmosis gondii
trichomonas can also be passed mother-fetus during birth
Lymphatic filariasis?
Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Deadliest form of malaria is found where?
Plasmodium falciparum… found worldwide but especially WEST sub-saharan Africa
Which malaria is in Sub-Saharan Africa?
P. ovale
Which malaria is in S. America / India / SE Asia?
P. vivax (most common)
Which malaria si found in SE asia and is still considered a zoonotic malaria?
P. knowlesi
Which malaria is in S. America / Asia / Africa?
P. malariae ( but less frequent than P. falciparum)
transplacental?
Toxoplasma gondii (humans)
Toxocara canis and catie - Visceral Larval Migrans (transplacentally or breast milk via puppies)
ingestion of fish?
Diphylobothrium
OR
Clonorchis sinensis
Free living amoeba, potentially affecting the CNS?
Naegleria fowleri
OR
Acathamoeba spp (more likely to affect eyes… contact solution)
Active penetration
Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old worm hookworm)
Necator americanus (New world hookworm)
Naegleria fowleri (through nasal passages)
Schistosoma spp (japonicum, haemotobium, mansoni)
Aquatic vegetation?
Fasciola buski (giant intestinal fluke)
Fasciola hepatica (sheep liver fluke)
‘gotes?
Trypanosoma: metacyclic trypomastigotes –> trypomastigotes
Leishmania: promastigote –> amastigote
When you think Embryonated Egg in Feces think…
If that’s not enough think sheep intermediate hosts and dog definitive host
Echinococcus
where do you find hydatid cysts?
How do you diagnose and treat?
What is hydatid sand and what can it cause?
Echinococcus
CT/ ultrasound / scanning and treat with SURGICAL RESECTION
hydatid sand are the protoscolices that are liberated from the brood capsules of a hydatid cyst… they can cause ANAPHYLAXIS
‘gotes?
Trypanosoma: metacyclic trypomastigoes –> trypomastigotes
Leishmania: promastigote –> amastigote
CSF?
Naegleria fowleri
Acathamoeba spp
Trypanosoma brucei
(Toxoplasmosis gondii possible)
Parasites w/ heart habitat?
not necessarily heart ONLY…
Trypanosome cruzi
(A. lumbricoides travels THROUGH heart from small intestine to lungs)
Echinococcus MIGHT make its way to the heart
Surgical tx/removal?
Taenia solium (cysticerci)
Echinococcus (hydatid cyst)
ALSO
Spirometra (sparganosis)
Dracunculus medinensis
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Intestinal nematodes?
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant intestinal roundworm)
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
Ancyclostoma duodenale (Old world hookworm)
Necator americanus (New world hookworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
Trichuris trichuria (whipworm)
Persistent cough?
Paragonimus westermani (Sketchy)
Ascaris lumbricoides (from his lecture – not in PP)
Appalachia?
S. stercoralis (threadworm)
Football shaped eggs?
Trichuris trichuria
Rectal prolapse?
Trichuris trichuria
Tissue nematodes?
Trichinella spiralis
Dracunculus medinensis
Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Lots of edema and high eisinophilia?
Trichinella spiralis
Guinea worm?
Dracunculus medinensis
Breast milk?
Ancyclostoma duodenale
Autoinfection
Taenia solium
E. Vermicularis (pinworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)
H. nana (Dwarf tapeworm)
Cryptosporidium
Periorbital edema?
Trypanosoma cruzi
Trichinella spiralis
(maybe spirometra from using a poultice)
Copepod ingestion?
D. medinensis
D. latum has copepod as INTERMEDIATE host
myocarditis, encephalitis, meningitis
trichinella spiralis
STRIATED MUSCLE
40-50% eosinophilia in a differential
IgG antibodies can be detected 12-60 days post infection
Muscle biopsy; BACHMAN!
Adult has two CAUDAL appendages
Found in undercooked pork and game meats
pulmonary eosinophilia?
Wucheria bancrofti
Brugia malayi
breast milk to infant
HOOKWORMS
Ancylostoma duodenale
Nector americanus
Tabanid fly (chrysops species) aka?
Mango fly
Loa Loa
Second leading cause of blindness in the world?
Onchocerca volvulus
“river blindness”
also, hanging groin
from Black fly
Nephrotic malaria?
P. malaria
Mal kids (bad kids)
(also note that P. falciparum can have an acute renal failure)
Vivax?
Viva splendidly (splenomegaly)
Young RBCs (living life, man)
And more HIP (hypnozoites in liver)
Spirometra
Onchocerca volvulus
Toxocara
Loa loa
Cutaneous habitat
A. Lumbricoides
Necator americanus
S. stercoralis
Giardia
Taenia (adults)
D. latum (adults)
H. diminuta (adults)
Spirometra (adults)
Small intestine habitat
T. brucei
W. bancrofti
B. Malayi
Lymphatic habitat
t. brucei also has a habitat in circulatory, CNS, spleen
Of the US population…. how many people have toxoplasma?
how is it detected?
Who are we most worried about?
nearly 1 in 4!!!! (as of 1994)
serologic testing for both IgM and IgG!!!!
INFANTS and immunocompromised…. remember it’s congenital!
monkeys, apes or primates?
Schistosoma mansoni
Loa Loa
Strongyloides stercoralis
Protozoa
E. Histolytica
E. Coli
Giardia
Trichomonas
B. Coli (cytopyge)
N. fowleri
Acathamoeba spp
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
the most common intestinal parasite of humans identified in the United States?
Giardia
Flask-shaped lesion, if not E. histolytica
B. Coli
Cutaneous leishmanias?
Tropica
Major
Reservoir with cats/dogs?
Leishmania
?????
Water plant ingestion?
F. buski
F. hepatica
Enterobius vermicularis
T. trichiura
Pentatrichomonas hominis
B. Coli
S. mansoni
B. coli
E. histolytica
Colon/Cecum/large intestine habitat
Football shaped eggs
T. trichiura
Boxer shaped glove
Clonorchis sinensis
Larva -> intestinal cystericus
H. nana
Eggs w/ polar filaments?
H. nana
Rodents?
H. nana
H. diminuta
S. mansoni
Serologic for IgM/IgG is routine method of diagnosis?
Toxoplasmii gondii
Cestode with motile proglottids?
Mistaken for maggots/fly larva when passed?
Dipylidium caninum
Spread by dogs/cats shedding their feces
Operculated eggs?
Rosette?
Diphyllobothria Latium
Pleurocercoid
Rats…
No scolex hooks, four suckers…
H. Dimunita
Requires mealworms
TRIBOLIUM
Diagnostic eggs with polar filaments?
H. Nana (also rats but hooks on scolex, unlike H. diminuta)
Autoinfection
MOST COMMON CESTODE INFECTION
All cestodes are ingested as either cysticerci OR eggs… except two?
PLEUROCERCOID
D. Latum
Spirometra spp.
Microfilariae for diagnosis/ID?
W. Bancrofti (mosquito)
Brugia malayi (mosquito)
Loa loa (deer/mango/chrysops/tabanid)
O. Volvulus (black fly/buffalo gnat)
Most cestodes are NONoperculated and embryonated (hexacanth)…
Except?
Diphyllobothrium
UNembryonated
AND
Operculated
Most cestodes have four suckers except?
Diphyllobothrium
2 suckers