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MicroBio - Parasitology > Intestinal/Tissue/Atrial Protozoa - Cal > Flashcards

Intestinal/Tissue/Atrial Protozoa - Cal Flashcards

1
Q

Long hair-like structures; characteristic of mastigophorans

Facilitates propelling of organism and in some cases procurement of food

A

Flagella

Organisms often describes by number/arrangement of flagellae

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2
Q

Short hair-like structures; surrounds the organism, often in rows

A

Cilia

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3
Q

Metabolic stage
Active, vegetative; feeding

Capable of movement:

Motility dependent on organelles

A

trophozoite

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4
Q

Capable of reproduction: Mitotic division; mostly binary or transverse fission

Intracellular inclusions

A

trophozoite

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5
Q

Dormant stages, produced by many of the protozoans

Capable of protection: During adverse environmental conditions

A

Cyst

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6
Q

Cyst wall: Secreted?

A

scleroproteins

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7
Q

The cyst stage in most parasitic species is entered just prior to passage from the host and all material, which has not been metabolized, is cast from the cell. This stage is associated with?

A

transmission to a new host

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8
Q

Capable of invading tissue

Agent of amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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9
Q

Intestinal amebiasis

Non-dysenteric colitis or Amebic dysentery

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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10
Q

Entamoeba histolytica rarely leaves the GI tract but… if it does… Extra-intestinal amebiasis… most frequent location?

A

Hepatic: Most frequent; right lobe of liver

Pulmonary
Brain: CNS

Other organs: Spleen, kidneys, etc.

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11
Q

Ulceration: Penetration of the mucosal crypts; extension into submucosa forming flask-shaped lesions

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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12
Q

flask-shaped lesions

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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13
Q

Amebomas (amebic granulomas): Granulation tissues; tumors

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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14
Q

Non-pathogenic forms of Entamoeba histolytica often will be named?

A

E. dispar

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15
Q

Infective and diagnostic stage for Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Cysts/trophozoites passed in feces…

Mature cysts ingested

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16
Q

Entamoeba histolytica Specimens of choice?

A

Feces and biopsies

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17
Q

Special process for e. histolytica specimen processing?

A

Collect three specimens: One every other day
Avoid contact with water or urine
Liquid stools: Examine within 30 minutes
Perform direct examination in physiological saline and Lugol’s iodine
Perform concentration technique

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18
Q

Charcot-Leyden crystals: Formed from the breakdown of eosinophilic blood cells; indication of bleeding or inflammation of the intestinal mucosa

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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19
Q

Cyst form has four nuclei?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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20
Q

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite description?

A

Occasional RBC inclusion

Centrally-located endosome

“bullseye”

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21
Q

Worldwide distribution, but mostly in tropical areas with poor sanitation

Acquired through ingesting the quadrinucleate cyst on contaminated food or water.

Causes amoebic dysentery. 10% extraintestinal invasion to liver, lungs, brain.

Causes flask shaped ulcers
Trophozoites often contain ingested RBCs (diagnostic), but need molecular testing to be sure.

A

E. histolytica

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22
Q

Often confused with Entamoeba histolytica

Nonpathogenic

A

Entamoeba coli

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23
Q

The significance of recovering nonpathogenic intestinal protozoa is:

A

They are easily confused and misidentified as the pathogenic species

They indicate that there has been a breakdown in the hygienic and sanitary environment of the host.

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24
Q

Karyosome: Small (larger than Entamoeba histolytica); usually eccentric?

A

Entamoeba coli

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25
Q

Mature cysts of ____ characteristically have eight nuclei, rarely 16.

A

Entamoeba coli

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26
Q

Nonpathogenic commensal.

Worldwide distribution

Cysts will have 5 or more nuclei with eccentric endosome.

An indicator of poor hygiene

A

Entamoeba coli

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27
Q

Disease: Giardiasis

A

Giardia lamblia

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28
Q

Giardia: Large numbers of parasites attached to the intestinal mucosa: Block absorption of?

A

Fat

Fat soluble vitamins… primarily Vit. A

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29
Q

INfective and diagnostic stage of giardia?

A

Cysts

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30
Q

Habitat: Small intestine

Reservoir hosts: Beavers, small mammals, herbivores

A

Giardia lamblia

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31
Q

Mature quadrinucleated cyst?

Besides e. histolytica…

A

Giardia lamblia

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32
Q

Most common US pathogen?

A

Giardia lamblia

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33
Q

For giardia, Several stools may be necessary, cysts often passed on a cyclical basis

You can also use what other test?

A

Enterotest capsule, helpful in recovering organisms from the duodenum

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34
Q

“wry little face“

A

Trophozoite form of Giardia lamblia

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35
Q

8 flagella?

A

Giardia lamblia

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36
Q

Worldwide distribution, common in daycare centers and institutionalized populations.
Causes blunting of small intestinal villi and malabsorption, often of fats.
Symptoms of persistent diarrhea, gas, greasy stools, can become chronic or carriers.
Irregular patterns of cysts and trophs in stool samples, but are diagnostic. Molecular methods are available (PCR, antigen)

A

G. lamblia

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37
Q

Habitat: Genitourinary tract

Mode of infection: Sexual contact

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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38
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis in females? Males?

A

In females: Vaginitis, pruritus, strawberry cervix

In males: Urethritis, prostatovesiculitis

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39
Q

strawberry cervix

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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40
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Specimen source?

A

Vaginal and urethral discharges, prostatic exudates

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41
Q

Pathogenicity: Considered nonpathogenic but often recovered from diarrheic stools

Habitat: Colon

Mode of infection: Ingestion, direct contact/sexual contact (prominent in homosexual communities)

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

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42
Q

Pathogenicity: Considered to be nonpathogenic in the mouth (reported thoracic abscesses and respiratory infections)

Habitat: Mouth

Mode of infection: Direct contact

A

Trichomonas tenax

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43
Q

Specimen source: Gingival scrapings

A

Trichomonas tenax

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44
Q

Worldwide distribution, humans only
T. vaginalis is pathogenic, the other two are easily confused commensals.
Acquired through sexual intercourse or passed to infants during birth.
T. vaginalis causes itching, petechial hemorrhaging, discharge (strawberry cervix)
Often asymptomatic in men
Increased risk of HIV passing or infection
Diagnosis: No cyst, 4 anterior flagella with half body undulating membrane

A

Trichomonas

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45
Q

Only pathogenic ciliate

A

Balantidium coli

46
Q

Balantidium coli

A

Causes balantidiasis, balantidial dysentery

Diarrhea and secondary complications

47
Q

Damage by mechanical action

Lytic action: Hyaluronidase

A

Balantidium coli

48
Q

Balantidium coli geography?

A

Worldwide but more prominent in areas with swine

49
Q

Habitat: Cecum
Reservoir hosts: Swine, hogs
Infective form: Cyst stage
Mode of infection: Ingestion

A

Balantidium coli

50
Q

Worldwide distribution, but endemic in Japan, South Africa, C & S America, New Guinea
Acquired by eating contaminated food and water with feces from humans or animals.
Causes ulcer in large intestine similar to E. histolytica, but very rarely travels to other organs.
Diagnosis: ID ciliated trophozoite or cyst in stool sample.

A

Balantidium coli

51
Q

Causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)

Central nervous system involvement

Rapid progression with high mortality

A

Naegleria fowleri

52
Q

Naegleria fowleri distribution?

A

Australia, New Zealand, South America, Africa, southern Europe, and the southern United States.

53
Q

Habitat: Along the meninges of the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord

Infective form: Amoebiod trophozoite

Mode of infection: Active penetration through the nasal passages

A

Naegleria fowleri

54
Q

Naegleria fowleri specimen source?

A

Specimen source: Cerebral spinal fluid

NOTE: Finding the trophozoite in the spinal fluid is sufficient reason to initiate treatment.
55
Q

Wide distribution, thermotolerant, found in hot springs, water above 37 degrees Celsius.

Free living amoeba, but can infect humans through the nasal cavity. Causes primary amoebic encephalitis (PAM).

Death can occur within 5 days, rapid diagnosis and treatment essential.

Diagnosis: Amoeba isolated from CSF

A

Naegleria fowleri

56
Q

Pathogenesis: Terramebiasis

A

Acanthamoeba species

57
Q

Terramebiasis comes in two forms?

A

Meningoencephalitis: Subacute; chronic (prominent species are A. castellani and A. culbertsoni)

Keratitis: Severe damage to eyes; blindness (prominent species are A. castellani and A. polyphaga),early on tied heavily to homemade contact lens solutions

58
Q

Habitat: Usually free living; skin, central nervous system and corneal regions of the eye
Reservoir hosts: A variety of mammals and invertebrates (oysters, grasshoppers and snails)
Infective form: Amebic trophozoites or cysts
Mode of infection: Uncertain

A

Acanthamoeba species

Similar to `N. fowleri

59
Q

Mode of infection: Active penetration through the nasal passages

A

N. fowleri

60
Q

Infectiev stage of Acanthamoeba spp?

A

: Amebic trophozoites or cysts

61
Q

Requires differentiation from N. fowleri ?

A

Acanthamoeba spp

62
Q

Specimen source: Exudates, tissue sections, CSF?

A

Acanthamoeba spp

63
Q

Three types of leishmaniasis?

A

visceral leishmaniasis

cutaneous leishmaniasis

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

64
Q

Three types of leishmaniasis?

A

visceral leishmaniasis

cutaneous leishmaniasis

mucocutaneous leishmaniasis

65
Q

Common names: Kala-azar, Dum-Dum fever

A

Leishmania donovani

66
Q

Visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania donovani

67
Q

Darkening of the skin (Kala-azar, black poison)

Destruction of reticuloendothelial cells and histiocytes throughout the body

A

Leishmania donovani

Visceral leishmaniasis

68
Q

Hepatosplenomegaly
Frequently fatal (95% for untreated cases)
Immunity: Gamma globulins; only after recovery from initial infection

A

Leishmania donovani

Visceral leishmaniasis

69
Q

South and Central America, Mediterranean regions, Central Africa, Asia (India)

A

Leishmania donovani

Visceral leishmaniasis

70
Q

Common name: Oriental sore

A

Leishmania tropica

71
Q

Initial lesion: Shallow, dry scaly ulcerated lesion

Ulceration: Crater-like with thickened edges

Secondary bacterial infections common

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmania tropica/major

72
Q

Ulcers leave disfiguration

Seldom fatal

Immunity: Self-healing process confers immunity

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmania tropica/major

73
Q

Mediterranean regions, Latin America, Near East and Central Africa, Middle East

A

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

Leishmania tropica

74
Q

Common name: “Baghdad boil”

A

Leishmania major

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (like tropica)

75
Q

Middle East, Northern Africa, China, and India

A

Leishmania major

76
Q

Common names: Espundia, uta, chiclero ulcer

A

Leishmania braziliensis/L. panamensis

77
Q

Ulcers with moist centers

Secondary lesions: Destruction of the nasal septum; masses of necrotic tissue

Marked deformities

Frequently fatal

A

Leishmania braziliensis/L. panamensis

78
Q

Central and South America

A

Leishmania braziliensis/L. panamensis

79
Q

Habitat: Phagocytic macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system

A

Leishmania

80
Q

Sandflies of the genus Phlebotomus

A

Leishmania

81
Q

Reservoir hosts: Cats, dogs, other mammals

A

Leishmania

82
Q

Infective stage: Promastigote

A

Leishmania

83
Q

Mode of infection: Injection by the bite of the vector

A

Leishmania

84
Q

Looking for what when looking a potential leishmania specimen?

A

amastigotes

85
Q

Nearly worldwide distribution

Causes 3 different diseases based on species
Visceral, cutaneous, mucocutaneous

Acquired through the bite of an infected sandfly. Promastigotes injected into the skin which become amastigotes once phagocytized.

A

Leishmania

86
Q

Visceral LM

A

L. donovani

87
Q

Cutaneous LM

A

L. tropica

L. major

88
Q

Mucocutaneous

A

L. braziliensis

L. panamensis

89
Q

Sandflies from phlebotomus

A

Leishmania

90
Q

Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma

91
Q
  1. Common name: African sleeping sickness
A

Trypanosoma brucei

92
Q

T. brucei gambiense

A

West African sleeping sickness

93
Q

Affects humans more (reservoir host), spread by riverine TseTse fly

A

T. brucei gambiense: West African sleeping sickness

94
Q

East African sleeping sickness

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

95
Q

Affects game animals more (reservoir host), savanna-woodland TseTse fly

A

T. brucei rhodesiense: East African sleeping sickness

96
Q

Pathogenesis: Often fatal in untreated cases

Invasion of lymph nodes: Winterbottom’s sign (posterior cervical lymph nodes involved)

A

Trypanosoma brucei

97
Q

Localized inflammatory reaction near entry site

Invasion of lymph nodes: Winterbottom’s sign (posterior cervical lymph nodes involved)

A

Trypanosoma brucei

98
Q

Invasion of central nervous system (CNS)

A

Trypanosoma brucei

99
Q

Disinclination to exertion and lack of interest
Reflexes retarded: Difficulty in articulation, incoherent speech, loss of coordination
Lapses of diurnal sleep
Coma: Usually terminal
Evades immune system by varying surface antigens (1000 VSGs)

A

Trypanosoma brucei

100
Q

Chronic may last for several years

A

T. brucei gambiense

101
Q

Easily cured during circulatory invasion; fatal in 12 to 18 months, Acute

A

T. brucei rhodesiense

102
Q

Trypanosoma Infective stage:

A

Metacyclic trypomastigote

103
Q

Trypanosoma Specimen source:

A

Blood or CSF, thick and thin blood smears

104
Q

Common name: Chagas disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

105
Q

Romaña’s sign

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

106
Q

Localized severe inflammation: Chagoma; periorbital swelling, Romaña’s sign

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

107
Q

Invasion of host cells: Cardiomyopathy

OR

mega-disease: enlargement of visceral organs

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

108
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi Geographical distribution

A

Western Hemisphere

Human cases in Latin America and South America

109
Q

Habitat: Circulatory and reticuloendothelial systems; HEART MUSCLE; bone marrow, etc

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

110
Q

T. cruzi intermediate host?

A

Intermediate hosts (vectors): Reduviid bugs (kissing bugs)

111
Q

Mode of infection: Contamination of infected bug feces in the bite wound; also transfusion and organ transplants

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

112
Q

Chronic and in the lymph versus

Acute and in the blood?

Protoza

A

T. brucei gambiense West African Sleeping Sickness

  • found in LYMPH aka CHRONIC
  • found more in HUMANS (reservoir host)
  • spread by RIVERINE Tse Tse fly

T. brucei rhodesiense: East African SLeeping SIckness

  • found in BLOOD aka ACUTE
  • found more in GAME ANIMALS (reservoir host)
  • spread by Savannah wood land Tse Tse fly

THEY CLOG THE ARTERIES AND BRAIN

EVADES IMMUNE SYSTEM BY VARYING SURFACE ANTIGENS AKA WITH VARIABLE SURFACE GLYCOPROTEINS

MicroBio - Parasitology (14 decks)

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