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MicroBio - Parasitology > Tissue Nematodes > Flashcards

Tissue Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

Tissue Nematodes

A 
Trichinella sprialis
Dracunculus medinensis
Filariasis
Loa loa
Onchocerciasis
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2
Q

Common name: Trichina worm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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3
Q

Found in undercooked pork (bear/horse) and game meats worldwide

A

Trichinella spiralis

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4
Q 
Pathogenesis
 Adults in the intestines: Mild to severe diarrhea
 Larval migration: High eosinophilia
 Allergic and toxic reactions
 May be fatal
A

Trichinella spiralis

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5
Q

Larval encystment: Primarily in striated muscle
Rheumatoid pain
Toxic reaction
May be fatal: Five larvae per gram of body weight
Fatalities often within 4 to 8 weeks
Caused by: Toxemia, pneumonitis, myocardial failure, or trichinous encephalitis

A

Trichinella spiralis

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6
Q

Infective third stage larvae encyst in striated muscle

A

Trichinella spiralis

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7
Q

Non-striated muscle and other tissues do not support development to third stage larvae
Larvae cause local inflammation and tissue damage that have serious pathologic consequences (myocarditis, encephalitis, meningitis)

A

Trichinella spiralis

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8
Q

Watery diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, nausea during enteral phase.
Facial and periorbital edema, fever, weakness, malaise, myalgia, urticarial rash, conjunctivitis and conjunctival and subungual hemorrhages appear during systemic phase (larvae disseminate).
Pts with high infection burden may die of myocarditis, encephalitis, or pneumonia.
Muscle pain and weakness in chronic cases.

A

Trichinella spiralis

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9
Q

Consider Trichinosis in patients presenting with myositis, eosinophilia 40-50% in a differential, fever, elevated creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase

A

Trichinella spiralis

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10
Q 
Size
Male: About 1.5 mm
Female: 3 to 4 mm
Shape: Slender, tapers to larger posterior end
Color: Colorless
Male has two caudal appendages
A

Trichinella spiralis

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11
Q

Adults in small intestine mating and depositing larvae (mild phase)

Larvae migrate to striated muscles (severe phase) edema, eosinophilia, myositis, death can occur

A

Trichinella spiralis

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12
Q

Larvae survive in “nurse cells” for about 6 years.

Diagnosis: history, clinical signs, muscle biopsy

A

Trichinella spiralis

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13
Q

Common name: Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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14
Q

Female migration: Severe allergenic reactions

Toxemia: As the female reaches the surface of the body

Gastrointestinal upset

Blisters: Usually on lower extremities

  • Severe burning and itching (pruritis)
  • Symptoms are relieved when the blister ruptures
A

Dracunculus medinensis

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15
Q

Surgical removal of the adult worm, “Twist-stick” method

Immersion of affected body part in cool water to coax worm from lesion

No antihelmintic drug is effective

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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16
Q

Shape: Elongated, cylindrical, rope-like
Color: White
Buccal structures: Small triangular mouth surrounded by a quadrangular sclerotized plate

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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17
Q

Acquired by ingesting an infected copepod, usually in water.

Larvae penetrate into humans deep connective tissue, mate, then migrate to subcutaneous tissues.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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18
Q

Maturity takes about a year.

Gravid female creates an ulcer in the lower limbs and releases larvae upon contact with water.

Diagnosis: clinical signs of muscle pain, ulcer

A

Dracunculus medinensis

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19
Q

Lymphatic filariasis

A

Wucheria bancrofti

Burgia malayi

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20
Q

Mainly blood/lymphatic organisms.

Generally transmitted via bites from flies/mosquitoes

Most are tropical diseases

A

Microfilariae

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21
Q

Once in blood, go to target sites and mature at those locations, causing symptoms

Symptoms include inflammation and swelling due to edema or blockage of vessels

A

Microfilariae

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22
Q 
Habitat: Lymphatic system
Intermediate host (vector): Mosquitoes
Reservoir host: None
Infective form: Filariform larva
Mode of infection: Inoculation
A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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23
Q

Common name: Elephantiasis worm

Pathogenesis: Elephantiasis, fibrosis, thrombi, lymphatic inflammation, granulomatous infiltration

Effective against microfilariae, poor impact on adults which live for 5-7 years.

Doxycycline kills Wolbachia symbionts* and may reduce fecundity and shorten reproductive life span of adults

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

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24
Q

The most severe cases are referred to as elephantiasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

25
Q

History is important. Exposure to mosquitoes in endemic areas
Microscopic examination of thick and thin blood smears. Best obtained at night. Nucleopore concentration and other methods (Knott’s Conc.) are helpful
ELISA serology is reportedly available

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

26
Q

Common name: Elephantiasis worm

A

Brugia malayi

27
Q 
Habitat: The lymphatic system
Intermediate host (vector): Mosquitoes
Reservoir host: None
Infective form: Filariform larva
Mode of infection: Inoculation
A

Brugia malayi

28
Q

Pathogenesis: Elephantiasis, fibrosis, thrombi, lymphatic inflammation, granulomatous infiltration

A

Brugia malayi

29
Q

Specimen processing: Giemsa or Hematoxylin/Eosin stains
Specimen of choice: Blood
Periodicity: Nocturnal with some subperiodic strains

A

Brugia malayi

30
Q

Adults in lymphatics, microfilariae in blood vessels around the lungs or peripheral areas.

Symptoms: from adult worms, lymphangitis, lymphadenitis, can lead to elephantiasis

Diagnosis: Blood test for microfilariae, sonography, may have serology or PCR

A

W. bancrofti

B. malayi

(lymphatic filariasis)

31
Q

Common name: Eyeworm

A

Loa loa

32
Q

Pathogenesis: Calabar swelling, urticaria, fever, neurologic symptoms, allergenic responses, irritation and destruction of ocular tissues

A

Loa loa

33
Q

Habitat: The subcutaneous and deep connective tissue
Intermediate host (vector): Tabanid fly, Chrysops species
Reservoir host: Monkeys
Infective form: Filariform larva
Mode of infection: Inoculation

A

Loa loa

34
Q

Most persons are asymptomatic. Transient Calabar swellings are noted in some
Adult worms may migrate to the conjunctiva – eye worm
Renal complications (hematuria, proteinuria) and encephalitis may be noted after treatment with diethylcarbamazine

A

Loa loa

35
Q

Central and W Africa.

Spread by the bite of the Chrysops spp flies (deer or mango flies)

Adults in subcutaneous tissue (eye)

A

Loa loa

36
Q

AKA the African Eye Worm

A

Loa loa

37
Q

Symptoms: Calabar swelling (migratory edema), high eosinophilia, worm in eye
Diagnosis: Calabar swelling, microfilariae in blood (drawn during the day)
No Wolbachia symbiont

A

Loa loa

38
Q

Symptoms: Calabar swelling (migratory edema), high eosinophilia, worm in eye
Diagnosis: Calabar swelling, microfilariae in blood (drawn during the day)

No Wolbachia symbiont

A

Loa loa

39
Q

Habitat: Cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues
Intermediate host (vector): Black flies (buffalo gnats), Simulium species
Reservoir host: None
Infective form: Filariform larva
Mode of infection: Inoculation

A

Onchocerca volvulus

40
Q

Adults live in subcutaneous nodules
Pathology is the host’s inflammatory response to the microfilariae
In the eye, microfilariae initially elicit punctate keratitis which can progress to a sclerosing keratitis and blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

41
Q

_____ may cause inguinal lymph node fibrosis and atrophy of overlying skin that leads to ‘hanging groin’

A

Onchocerca volvulus

42
Q

AKA River Blindness
Location: Northern S. America, C. &W. Africa
Acquired by the bite of the Black fly (Simulium spp)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

43
Q

AKA River Blindness
Location: Northern S. America, C. &W. Africa
Acquired by the bite of the Black fly (Simulium spp)

A

Onchocerca volvulus

44
Q

Adults in subcutaneous nodules, unsheathed microfilariae in dermis

Symptoms: Nodules on head (SA), lower trunk (Africa), pruritic skin reactions, “leopard skin”, hanging groin, progressive blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

45
Q

Actually a symptom of larval movement in tissues.

- Visceral will occur in gut tissues, caused by several species, of which ______ are best known

A

Toxocara spp

46
Q

Cutaneous occurs under skin (often termed “creeping eruption”) and many species of worms may cause this (e.g. _____ and various hookworms)

A

Ascaris spp.

47
Q

Actually a symptom of larval movement in tissues

May also occur in eyeball

A

(ocular larval migrans)

48
Q

Ingestion of infective eggs is the root cause of the problem
Found wherever dogs and cats are found
Puppies can be infected via transplacentally or through breast milk

A

Caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati

49
Q

Pathogenesis

-Larval forms leave focal site and migrate through tissues to new sites to mature

A

Visceral Larval Migrans

50
Q

Sites characterized by inflammation, damage, and pruritic skin lesions
Long term/deeper infections may have allergic conditions and toxemia reactions
Organisms may form granulomas in tissues

A

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

51
Q

“Creeping Eruptions”

A

Creeping Larva Migrans

52
Q

Why would you sometimes treat patients with filariasis with doxycycline?

A. To eliminate the symbiont Wolbachia
B. To reduce the edema swelling
C. To treat bacterial superinfections
D. To reduce their fever

A

A. To eliminate the symbiont Wolbachia

53
Q

Which of the blood cells, when in high number, usually is an indication of a parasitic infection?

A. Lymphocytes
B. RBCs
C. Eosinophils
D. Neutrophils

A

C. Eosinophils

54
Q

Bachmans?

A

Trichinella spiralis

Specimen processing
– Specimen of choice is muscle biopsy
– Skin test: Bachman and others
– Blood: ESR, eosinophil count

55
Q

drink unfiltered water with infected copepod?

A

Dracunculus medinensis

56
Q

Fly bite with adults in subcutaneous, produce sheathed microfilariae

A

Loa Loa

57
Q

Adult in subcutaneous nodule, produce unsheathed microfilariae

A

Onchocerca volvulus

58
Q

ingesting infective eggs near cats/dogs, mostly child less than 6 y/o

A

Toxocara (canis/cati)

MicroBio - Parasitology (14 decks)

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