Malaria - Cal Flashcards
Infective form of malaria?
Sporozoites injected by mosquito
Diagnostic stages of malaria?
Immature trophozoite
Mature trophozoie
Schizont
Gametocytes
Malaria has gametocytes shaped like what?
bananas
Malaria has trophozoites shaped like what under the ‘scope?
ring-shaped
1 sporozoite yields?
LOTS of merozoites (number vary depending on species)
Deadliest malaria?
Falciparum
Predominate in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Ovale
South America, India, SE
Vivax
wide global distribution, being found in South America, Asia, and Africa, but it is less frequent than P. falciparum in terms of cases of infection.
P. malariae
the most common species and also has a wide distribution.
P. vivax
Malaria can be non-specific. But most common symptoms?
fever and chills, which can be accompanied by headache, myalgias, arthralgias, weakness, vomiting, and diarrhea
CNS changes, respiratory distress, bleeding, circulatory collapse
Cerebral malaria
hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice
Hepatic malaria
Infections caused by____ are the most likely to progress to severe, potentially fatal forms with central nervous system involvement (cerebral malaria), acute renal failure, severe anemia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
P. falciparum
Complications of ____ malaria include splenomegaly (with, rarely, splenic rupture), and those of ____ include nephrotic syndrome.
P. vivax
P. malariae
Three distinct stage of malaria, lasting 4-8 hours?
Cold stage
Hot stage
Sweating stage
Simple tertian malaria?
Vivax and Ovale
Simple quartan malaria?
Malariae
Malignant tertian malaria
Falciparum
Syndrome features:
cyclic every 48 hours
Hyponozoite can stay dormant in liver
Requires longer treatment
Invades YOUNGER RBCs
Simple tertian malaria
Vivax/ovale
Syndrome features:
Cyclic every 72 hours
Invades OLDER RBCs
Simple quartan malaria
Malariae
Syndrome features:
CNS, renal, pulmonary failure/damage
Malignant tertian malaria
Falciparum
Maurer’s clefts vs. Schuffner’s dots
Falciparum vs ovale
Band form is a feature of what malaria?
Malariae
low level persistence of parasites in the blood for 1-2 years (P. falciparum) up to 30 years or more (P. malariae).
Recrudescense
What’s the geography for the malarias
look it up
Deadliest?
Falciparum
What are the fever cycles?
Brush up on that
Can be infected by toxoplasmosis how?
Blood infusion (and transplacental)
Ingestion of infected meat
Contaminated food
Toxoplasmosis definitive host?
INtermediate hosts?
CATS
mice, mammals, pigs, sheep
Toxo Infection during pregnancy can have serious consequences?
1st Trimester – Abortion
2nd Trimester – Retardation
3rd Trimester – Hydrocephaly
Retinochoroiditis, cerebral calcifications, hepatosplenomegaly, liver failure
Toxo… what is the routine method of diagnosis?
Serologic testing for both IgM and IgG
INfective stage of cryptosporidium?
thick walledoo cyst is ingested by host
Cryptosporidium is resistant to?
chlorine
Diagnostic stge of cryptosporidium?
thick walled oocyst (sporulated) exits hosts
Cryptosporidium… Two different types of oocysts are produced, the _____, which is commonly excreted from the host and the ___, which is primarily involved in autoinfection. Oocysts are infective upon excretion, thus permitting direct and immediate fecal-oral transmission.
thick-walled
thin-walled oocyst
4 sporozoites
excreted by the infected host through feces
Transmission of occurs mainly through contact with contaminated water
cryptosporidium
Occasionally food sources, such as chicken salad, may serve as vehicles for transmission.
Many outbreaks in the United States have occurred in waterparks, community swimming pools, and day care centers.
cryptosporidium
Following ingestion (and possibly inhalation) by a suitable host (3), excystation (A) occurs.
The sporozoites are released and parasitize epithelial cells (B), (C) of the gastrointestinal tract or other tissues such as the respiratory tract.
In these cells, the parasites undergo asexual multiplication (schizogony or merogony) (D, E, and F) and then sexual multiplication (gametogony) producing microgamonts (male – G) and macrogamonts (female – H).
Upon fertilization of the macrogamonts by the microgametes (I), oocysts (J, K) develop that sporulate in the infected host.
Notes from powerpoint on Cryptosporidium
Crypto distro?
Worldwide
Is autoinfection a big deal for cryptosporidium?
YES OK IT IS CONSIDER IT A PROBLEM OK
What type of staing for diagnosis?
Should we go for multiple stool samples?
Acid-fast staining is most frequently used in clinical diagnostic laboratories. Usually multiple stools are assayed.
The most frequent symptoms is watery diarrhea, and can be associated with dehydration, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain, and fever.
Cryptosporidium
In immunocompetent persons, symptoms are usually short in duration (1 to 2 weeks),
Anopheles mosquito?
Malaria
