Times of Turmoil: Canada in the 1960s and 1970s Flashcards
counterculture
a subculture, especially of young people, with values or lifestyles that are in opposition to those of the dominant, established culture
feminist
a person who supports the idea that women are equal to med and deserve equal rights and opportunities
pressure group
a group of people who get together around a particular issue to try to influence government policy
civil liberties
basic individual rights protected by law, such as freedom of speech
Royal Commission on the Status of Women
examined how Canadian women were treated and the problems they faced
What recommendations did the Royal Commission on the Status of Women make
- women should have the right to work outside the home
- society in general should take some responsibility for children; therefore daycare services should be provided
- women should be entitled to paid maternity leave from their jobs
- the federal government should do all it can to help overcome discrimination against women in society
National Action Committee on the Status of Women (NAC)
Pressure group which lobbied both federal and provincial governments to act quickly on the Commission;s recommendations
Canadian Bill of Rights
a federal document that set out the rights and freedoms of Canadians; enacted under Prime Minister Diefenbaker.
- Freedom of life, liberty, security of person, and the enjoyment of property
- the right to equality before the law and its protection
- freedom of religion
- freedom of speech
- freedom of assembly and association
Bill C-150
also known as Omnibus Bill. Made major changes in social legislation:
- recognizing the right of women to have access to contraception
- recognizing the right to abortion (with certain limitations
- legalizing homosexuality between consenting adults
Bill C-84
ended the death penalty
Multiculturalism
a policy of encouraging the expression of the cultures of many ethnic groups that make up a country’s population. Policy of multiculturalism introduced by Trudeau.
marginalized
to be pushed asides and made less important in terms of social standing and power
disenfranchised
to be deprived of basic legal rights
What did the Aboriginals suffer?
They won the right to vote, it still did little to improve their living conditions. Suffered from serious problems, including poverty, poor health, and inadequate housing and education
White Paper of 1969
the government report proposing dramatic changes to the lives of Aboriginal people, including the elimination of the Indian Act. Also recommended:
- Aboriginal people be given control and ownership of their lands
- the provincial government take over the same responsibility for Aboriginal people that they have for other citizens
- substantial funds be made available for economic development for Aboriginal people
- Department of Indian Affairs be closed down
What was the intent of the White Paper?
White paper would end special status for Aboriginal peoples and place them as equal with other Canadians. Its intent was to encourage aboriginal people to leave the reserves, seek jobs in the cities, and become part of mainstream Canadian society.
How did the Aboriginal people feel about the White Paper?
they were furious, saw the White Paper as an attack on their right to maintain their unique identity.
Red Paper
Aboriginal response to the federal governments White Paper of 1969; the Red Paper caused the government to abandon the White Paper.
lobby
to try to influence the opinions and votes of public officials for or against a cause
Aboriginals were concerned about the environment…
They lobbied to halt the construction of oil and natural gas pipelines that were run through their lands. Demanded a study to determine its impact on their lands and on the environment.
Aboriginal Pipeline Group
a group formed in 2000 to represent the interest of the Aboriginal peoples of the North in the proposed pipeline
Prime Minster Pearson
won election of 1963. responsible for modernizing Canada. Introduced a trial abolition of capital punishment and easier divorce laws. Introduced Canada’s flag.
Canada’s flag
Many opposed a new flag because they felt Pearson was giving in to pressure from Quebec. English Candians wanted to keep the Red Ensign, French Canada wanted a new flag.
Medical Care Act
an Act passed by Parliament in 1966 that provided free access to physician services for Canadians
Pierre Trudeau
French Canadian. Youthful. Celebrity. Young people responded to him as though he were a rock star. Succeeded Lester Pearson as prime minister. Supported individual freedom and thought that governments should not interfere with personal liberties (freedom).
Quiet Revolution
a period of rapid change and reform that modernized Quebec society during the years from 1960 to 1966 under the Liberal provincial government of Jean Lesage
FLQ
Terrorist group, revolutionary movement founded to work for an independent, socialist Quebec. Blew up mailboxes and attacked symbols of English-Canadian power in Quebec.
Parti Quebecois (PQ)
a Quebec provincial party that advvocates separation from Canada.
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
a commission created by the federal government to recommend ways of enhancing and promoting the historically bilingual nature of Canada (report called for Canada to become bilingual) and recommended that Canada adopt a bilingual strategy that would promote both languages across the nation, including the protection of French and English linguistic minorities.
Official Languages Act
made Canada officially bilingual. All federal institutions must provide services in English and French
FLQ kidnapping…
British diplomat kidnapped by FLQ. For his release they FLQ members demanded the release of FLQ members and a public reading of the FLQ manifesto. Quebec Premier agreed to most demands but refused to release any prisoners. In response FLQ kidnapped Quebec Labour Minister Laporte. Laporte was found dead. Cross was found.
In response to the FLQ October Crisis what did Trudeau do?
Imposed the War Measures Act, membership in the FLQ became a crime.
War Measures Act
an Act passed during the First World War giving the government emergency powers in the event of a national crisis
Bill 22
provincial legislation that made French the sole official language of Quebec
Bill 101
also called the Charter of the French Language, Bill 101 strengthened the position of the French language in Quebec.
- French was the only official language of the province
- commercial outdoor signs would be in French only
- children of immigrants would be required to attend French schools
embargo
the prohibition by a government or organization that prevents certain goods from being shipped in or out of a country
What was the most important factors that caused the economic crisis?
oil embargo. War broke out in middle east over oil. Increased the need for women to enter the workforce.
Regional disparity
differences in income, wages, and jobs in one area compared with another. (gap between the poorer and more prosperous regions of Canada)
Western alienation
the feeling on the part of the western canada that federal policies favour central canada; it has led to the rise of several regional parties, including the Canadian Alliance Party
How did the government deal with regional disparity?
Trudeau government increased transfer payments to the provinces to be used for social services. Spent millions of dollars on regional projects to help economic development in certain areas.
National Energy Program (NEP) aimed to:
- reduce the consumption of oil
- protect Canadians from rising oil prices
- make Canada self-sufficient in oil
Inventions of the 1960s and 1970s…
space travel, computer technology, first successful heart transplant, internet, disposable diapers.
Bomarc missiles
nuclear missiles that Canada agreed to accept from the U.S. during the Cold War; let to a rift in Canada/U.S. relations
Nikita Khrushchev refused to…
Soviet Premier, refused to remove the missiles.
Cuban Missile Crisis
US surveillance showed that the USSR was installing offensive nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy announced a naval and air blockade of Cuba. Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in exchange for a promise that the US would not invade Cuba.
The Vietnam War
Vietnam was divided, north was communist, south was dictatorship and supported by US. Supplied military aid. USSR and China supplied aid to North Vietnam. Americans were shocked by the war, and more and more disagreed with their governments actions.
draft resisters
citizens who refuse to join the army to fight in a war during conscription
What did Trudeau do to ease Cold War tensions?
- Canada’s NATO forces gave up their nuclear missiles in Europe
- Bomarc missile sites were dismantled
- National defence budget was cut by 20%
- Canada’s NATO contingent in Europe was reduced to half its former strength
at the same time, Canada continued to participate in NATO and NORAD alongside the US
trade and aid
the process of stimulation the economics of developing countries with aid so that they can access global markets and trade with developed nations. Become the cornerstone of Trudeaus foreign policy in bridging the North-South gap.
tied aid
aid given to a foreign country with conditions attached
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
responsibility was to boost foreign aid to less industrialized countries.
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABMT)
an agreement between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R limiting strategic offensive weapons and defensive systems
boycotting of 1980 olympics
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and sent medium-range missiles to Eastern Europe. In protest many Western nations including Canada boycotted the 1980 olympics in Moscow.
