Thyroid, Larynx, Neck Viscera

Question 1

what’s another name for cervicothoracic ganglion?

Answer 1

stellate ganglion or inferior cervical ganglion

Question 2

what is a cervicothoracic ganglion block used for?

Answer 2

to relieve vascular spasms of brain and upper limb (excess vasoconstriction)

Question 3

what does a lesion of cervical sympathetic truck result in?

Answer 3

Horner’s syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmos, anhydrosis)

Question 4

where does a thyroid ima artery come from?

Answer 4

braciocephalic artery to isthmus of thyroid

Question 5

a thyroid ima artery is important to identify in which surgery?

Answer 5

tracheostomy

Question 6

where does the thyroid gland develop from?

Answer 6

foramen cecum

Question 7

what attaches thyroid gland to foramen cecum?

Answer 7

thyroglossal duct

Question 8

remnants of thyroglossal duct forms?

Answer 8

thyroglossal duct cysts

Question 9

what causes a lingual thyroid gland?

Answer 9

abherrant thyroid glandular tissue from thyroid’s decent down neck

Question 10

how do you differentiate between a thyroglossal duct cyst and ectopic thyroid gland?

Answer 10

radioisotopic scanning

Question 11

if you remove an ectopic thyroid, what happens?

Answer 11

person will be on thyroid meds for their life

Question 12

where is an accessory thyroid gland usually found?

Answer 12

on top of thyrohyoid muscle

Question 13

where is the pyramidal lobe of a thyroid, if present?

Answer 13

from isthmus to hyoid (connected via connective tissue band)

Question 14

what is a goiter?

Answer 14

non neoplastic, noninflammatory enlargement of thyroid gland

Question 15

what causes a goiter?

Answer 15

iodine deficiency

Question 16

what prevents a goiter from moving superiorly?

Answer 16

sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles

Question 17

what is left during a near total thyroidectomy?

Answer 17

posterior part of thyroid lobes to spare recurrent laryngeal nerve and parathyroid glands

Question 18

what is a complication of a thyroidectomy?

Answer 18

postoperative hemorrhage which can compress the trachea (blood pools in fibrous capsule of gland)

Question 19

injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve?

Answer 19

hoarseness of voice

Question 20

hyperparathyroidism can cause?

Answer 20

benign tumors - parathyroid adenomas

Question 21

surgical removal of all parathyroid glands results in?

Answer 21

tetany (muscle twitches and spasms)

Question 22

a fracture to larynx causes?

Answer 22

submucous hemorrhage/edema, airway obstruction, hoarseness

Question 23

what procedure is used to examine larynx?

Answer 23

laryngoscopy or mirror (indirect laryngoscopy)

Question 24

what is the valsalva maneuver?

Answer 24

abduction of vestibular and vocal folds during inspiration

Question 25

cricothyrotomy?

Answer 25

bore needle through cricothyroid ligament for emergency airway

Question 26

paralysis of vocal fold is from?

Answer 26

injury to inferior laryngeal nerve or it's precursor (recurrent laryngeal)

Question 27

what occurs because of bilateral paralysis of vocal folds?

Answer 27

barely and voice and stridor; anxiety similar to asthma

Question 28

paralysis of superior laryngeal nerve causes?

Answer 28

anesthesia of superior laryngeal mucosa (foreign bodies can enter larynx)

Question 29

injury of external branch of laryngeal nerve results in?

Answer 29

paralysis of cricothyroid muscle ---> monotonous voice

Question 30

what is a superior laryngeal nerve block used with?

Answer 30

endotracheal intubation in a conscious patient

Question 31

where is a superior laryngeal nerve block inserted?

Answer 31

midway between thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone

Question 32

cancer of the larynx causes?

Answer 32

hoarseness, otalgia, & dysphagia

Question 33

what's a treatment of severe cases of laryngeal cancer?

Answer 33

laryngectomy

Question 34

where can food get caught in the larynx?

Answer 34

piriform recess

Question 35

if food cuts the mucosa of the piriform recess, what nerve can be injured?

Answer 35

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

Question 36

what can cause recurring thyroiditis?

Answer 36

a sinus tract that passes from piriform recess to thyroid gland can cause thyroiditis

Question 37

where does this sinus tract develop from?

Answer 37

thyroglossal duct that adheres to developing larynx

Question 38

removal of the sinus tract involves what else?

Answer 38

thyroidectomy

Question 39

bleeding of tonsillectomy occurs mostly from which vessel?

Answer 39

external palatine vein

Question 40

what nerve and artery is vulnerable to injury during tonsillectomy?

Answer 40

CN IX and internal carotid artery

Question 41

inflammation of adenoids can cause?

Answer 41

obstruction of airway through nasal cavity

Question 42

number one symptom of esophageal cancer?

Answer 42

dysphagia, followed by hoarseness