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Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes > Face & Scalp > Flashcards

Face & Scalp Flashcards

1
Q

why do facial lacerations tend to gape?

A

no deep fascia in face

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2
Q

what’s important about an attached craniotomy?

A

scalp arteries anastomose freely and as long as at least one of these arteries remains intact, the scalp has a good chance at recovering

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3
Q

which arteries supply the calvaria?

A

LITTLE from scalp arteries, mostly from middle meningeal

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4
Q

why don’t superficial scalp wounds gape?

A

strength of epicranial aponeurosis

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5
Q

why do deep scalp wounds that cut through the epicranial aponeurosis in the coronal plane gape widely?

A

pull of frontal and occipital bellies of occipitofrontalis in opposite directions

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6
Q

which layer is the danger area of the scalp?

A

loose connective tissue layer because pus and blood spread easily on it

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7
Q

how can infection pass into cranial cavity through the loose CT layer of the scalp?

A

emissary veins which pass through parietal foramina in calvaria and reach intracranial structures such as meninges

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8
Q

what stops loose CT infections from going into the neck?

A

occipital belly attachment to occipital bone and mastoid processes

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9
Q

what stops a scalp infection from spreading more laterally than the zygomatic arches?

A

epicranial aponeurosis is continuous with temporal fascia that attaches to the zygomatic arches

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10
Q

why can a scalp infection enter the eyelids and root of the nose?

A

frontal belly inserts into skin and subQ tissue instead of bone

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11
Q

what is ecchymosis?

A

black eye from blows to periorbital region (soft tissue damage)

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12
Q

what is a sebaceous cyst?

A

obstruction of sebaceous glands & retention of their fluids

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13
Q

what is a cephalhematoma?

A

blood pooling between pericranium and calvaria over one parietal bone from a difficult birth

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14
Q

the action of nasalis muscle can tell?

A

whether a person is a nasal or chronic mouth breather

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15
Q

habitual mouth breathing is caused by?

A

nasal obstruction

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16
Q

chronic mouth breathers usually develop?

A

dental malocclusion (improper bite)

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17
Q

injury to the facial nerve (CN VII) causes?

A

bell palsy

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18
Q

loss of tonus of orbicularis oculi causes?

A

inferior eyelid sags, which prevents lacrimal fluid spreading to cornea

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19
Q

if the cornea can’t receive lacrimal fluid?

A

cornea becomes vulnerable to ulceration and scarring can impair vision

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20
Q

paralysis to buccinator and orbicularis oris causes?

A

food to accumulate in oral vestibule during chewing

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21
Q

what nerve block is used to repair the maixllary incisor teeth?

A

infraorbital nerve block

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22
Q

where is an infraorbital nerve block given?

A

infraorbital foramen by elevating upper lip and passing the needle through the junction of the oral mucosa and gingiva

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23
Q

how do you anesthetize the skin of the lower lip and chin?

A

injection into mental foramen to mental nerve

24
Q

how do you anesthetize the skin and the cheek?

A

injection into mucosa covering the retromolar fossa

25
Q

where is the retromolar fossa?

A

triangular depression posterior to 3rd mandibular molar tooth between anterior border of ramus and temporal crest

26
Q

trigeminal neuralgia can cause?

A

paroxysm and tics; psychological changes such as depression and suicide

27
Q

which CN is mostly involved in trigeminal neuralgia?

A

CN V2

28
Q

what causes trigeminal neuralgia?

A

demyelination of axons in sensory root; pressure of small aberrant artery

29
Q

what is a simple surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?

A

avulsion of branches of nerve at infraorbital foramen

30
Q

what surgical technique is used to prevent regeneration of nerve fibers in treatment of trigeminal neuralgia?

A

cutting of sensory root of CN V between the ganglion and brainstem (rhizotomy)

31
Q

what other technique can be used to treat trigeminal neuralgia?

A

tractotomy which causes loss of sensation of pain, temperature, and light touch over the skin supplied by cut nerve of CN V

32
Q

<p>lesions of the entire CN V cause?</p>

A

<p>anesthesia to: -ipsilateral anterior half of scalp -face except for angle of mandible, cornea, and conjunctive -mucous membranes of nose, mouth, and anterior tongue -paralysis of facial muscles of mastication</p>

33
Q

where can a herpes zoster infection produce a lesion?

A

cranial ganglion, mostly trigeminal ganglia

34
Q

which division of CN V is mostly affected by herpes zoster?

A

V1 (ophthalmic)

35
Q

what are symptoms of herpes zoster infection of CN V1?

A

corneal ulceration and scarring

36
Q

how is the sensory function of CN V tested?

A

person closes eyes and Dr strokes person’s face with different objects on both sides

37
Q

lesions of CN VII near pons and before greater petrosal nerve (geniculate ganglion) cause?

A

loss of motor, taste, and autonomic functions

38
Q

lesions of CN VII distal to geniculate ganglion but proximal to chorda tympani cause?

A

same dysfuction except lacrimal secretion is unaffected

39
Q

lesions of CN VII near stylomastoid foramen result in?

A

loss of motor function only (facial paralysis)

40
Q

what the most common nontraumatic cause of facial nerve palsy?

A

inflammation of facial nerve near stylomastoid foramen from a viral infection

41
Q

traumatic cause of facial nerve palsy?

A

fracture of temporal bone

42
Q

identification of the facial nerve is important in which surgery?

A

parotidectomy

43
Q

what is associated with facial nerve palsy?

A
  • dental manipulation
  • vaccination
  • pregnancy
  • HIV
  • Lyme disease
  • middle ear infections (otitis media)
44
Q

a lesion of zygomatic branch of CN VII?

A

paralysis of orbicularis oculi in inferior eyelid

45
Q

lesion of buccal branch of CN VII?

A

paralysis of buccinator and superior portion of orbicularis oculi and upper lip muscles

46
Q

lesion of marginal mandibular branch of CN VII?

A

paralysis of inferior portion of orbicularis oris and lower lip muscles

47
Q

where can the facial artery be occluded?

A

pressure against mandible where vessel crosses it

48
Q

does compression of facial artery stop all bleeding of the face?

A

no. large amount of anastomoses that must be considered when a branch of the facial is ligated

49
Q

where is a temporal pulse taken?

A

where the superficial temporal artery crosses the zygomatic process just anterior to auricle

50
Q

where is the temporal pulse relevant clinically?

A

anesthesiologists use it during surgery

51
Q

how can you palpate a facial pulse?

A

clench teeth and palate facial pulse where the facial artery crosses inferior border of mandible anterior to massester

52
Q

if the internal carotid artery is occluded, how can the brain receive anastomotic blood?

A

through facial artery (from external carotid artery) and its connection with dorsal nasal branch of ophthalmic artery

53
Q

why do scalp lacerations blood profusely?

A

because the arteries entering the periphery of scalp bleed from both ends of anastomoses and the arteries are held open by dense CT in layer two of scalp

54
Q

what can increase bleeding from scalp?

A

spasms of occipitofrontalis

55
Q

what is the most common cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the lip?

A

not using sunscreen and chronic irritation from pipe smoking

56
Q

cancer from central lower lip, floor of mouth, and apex of tongue spread to?

A

submental lymph nodes

57
Q

where do cancer cells of lateral lower lip drain to?

A

submandibular lymph nodes

Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes (12 decks)

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