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Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

what is a blowout fracture?

A

indirect traumatic injury that displaces orbital walls

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2
Q

infraorbital bleeding and increased pressure from orbital fractures causes?

A

exophthalmos (protrusion of eye)

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3
Q

tumors in the orbit cause?

A

exophthalmos

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4
Q

tumors of the middle cranial fossa get into the orbit through?

A

superior orbital fissure

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5
Q

tumors in the temporal or infratemporal fossa get into the orbit through?

A

inferior orbital fissure

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6
Q

why is a lateral approach to surgery used for the orbit?

A

when pupil is turned medially, 2.5 cm of eye is exposed since lateral wall of orbit doesn’t extend as far anteriorly as does the medial wall

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7
Q

lesion of CN III causes?

A

paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris and thus the superior eye lid droops (ptosis)

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8
Q

damage to CN VII causes?

A

paralysis of orbicularis oculi which prevents eyelids from closing all the way —> no blinking and dry eye occur

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9
Q

loss of tonus in the inferior eyelid causes?

A

lid to fall away from surface of eyeball —> drying of cornea & excessive lacrimation

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10
Q

excessive lacrimal fluid can also be caused by?

A

blockage of lacrimal drainage apparatus

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11
Q

if the ducts of the ciliary glands are obstructed?

A

painful pus producing swelling called a sty (hordeolum) forms on the eyelid

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12
Q

cysts of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids are called?

A

chalazia

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13
Q

obstruction of the tarsal gland causes?

A

inflammation –> tarsal chalazia

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14
Q

hyperemia of the conjunctiva is caused by?

A

irritation from smoke, dust, or chlorine

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15
Q

what is conjunctivitis?

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva “pink eye”

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16
Q

how do subconjunctival hemorrhages occur?

A

trauma, excessively hard nose blowing, coughing, violent sneezing —> rupture of small subconjunctival capillaries

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17
Q

the retina and optic nerve develop from?

A

optic cup

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18
Q

what is the optic cup?

A

outgrowth of embryonic forebrain

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19
Q

what does the optic vesicle carry with it as it evaginates from the forebrain?

A

developing meninges (why CN II is a part of CNS)

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20
Q

the pigment layer of retina develops from?

A

outer layer of optic cup

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21
Q

the neural layer of retina develops from?

A

inner layer of optic cup

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22
Q

the layers of the developing retina are separated by?

A

intraretinal space –> pigment layer becomes fixed to choroid

23
Q

what can cause detachment of the retina?

A

trauma to eye —> seepage of fluid in between layers of retina

24
Q

the pupillary light reflex tests the integrity of which CNs?

A

CN II (afferent) and CN III (efferent)

25
Q

why do both pupils constrict when light enters one eye?

A

each retina sends fibers to the optic tracts of both sides

26
Q

if the parasympathetic pathway to the sphincter pupillae muscle is interrupted?

A

pupils will dilate because of unopposed sympathetic innervation to the dilator pupillae muscle

27
Q

how can you tell a person has compression of CN III?

A

ipsilateral slowness of pupillary response to light

28
Q

what is uveitis?

A

inflammation of the vascular layer of the eyeball (uvea)

29
Q

what is used to view the fundus of the eye?

A

opthalmoscope

30
Q

edema of the retina is caused by?

A

increase in CSF pressure —> slows venous return from retina

31
Q

what is swelling of the optic disc?

A

papilledema

32
Q

what causes papilledema?

A

increased intracranial pressure and increased CSF pressure in subarachnoid space around optic nerve

33
Q

what is presbyopia?

A

changes in the focusing power of the lens caused by aging

34
Q

a loss in transparency of the lens is called?

A

cataracts

35
Q

how are cataracts fixed?

A

cataract extraction with intraocular lens implant

36
Q

what is coloboma of the iris?

A

absence of a section of the iris resulting from the choroid fissure failing to close in the fetus, trauma, or an iridectomy

37
Q

does the iris heal after a coloboma?

A

no.

38
Q

what causes glaucoma?

A

blockage of the outflow of aqueous humor through scleral venous sinus into the blood —>increased pressure in anterior and posterior chambers of eye

39
Q

glaucoma can cause what if the retina is compressed and the blockage isn’t fixed?

A

blindness

40
Q

what is hyphema?

A

hemorrhage within the anterior chamber

41
Q

what happens when the eyeball is enucleated?

A

removed!

42
Q

after the eyeball is removed, why don’t the muscles of the eye retract very far?

A

their fascial sheaths remain attached to fascial sheaths of eyeball

43
Q

what is the corneal reflex?

A

touching the cornea with a “wisp” of cotton to initiate a blinking response

44
Q

absence of the corneal reflex suggests?

A

lesion of CN V1 or CN VII

45
Q

how do you fix a corneal lesion (scarred or opaque corneas)?

A

corneal transplant

46
Q

what are signs of Horner’s syndrome?

A

constriction of pupil (miosis), ptosis, vasodilation, and absence of sweating (anhydrosis)

47
Q

Horner’s syndrome results from?

A

interruption of cervical sympathetic trunk causing symptoms on ipsilateral side of head

48
Q

what is diplopia?

A

double vision from loss of function of one or more eye muscles

49
Q

what is occulomotor nerve palsy?

A

paralysis of SR, MR, IR, levator palpebrae superioris & sphincter pupillae

50
Q

what is abducens nerve palsy?

A

paralysis of LR

51
Q

obstruction of central artery of retina causes?

A

instant and total blindness because its an end artery (no anastomosis)

52
Q

blockage of the central vein of the retina is caused by?

A

thromboplebitis of cavernous sinus

53
Q

occlusion of the central vein of retina results in?

A

slow and painless loss of vision

Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes (12 decks)

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