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Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes > Eye & Ear Dev. > Flashcards

Eye & Ear Dev. Flashcards

1
Q

what is a coloboma?

A

optic fissure fails to close which leaves a gap in eye structures

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2
Q

describe retinochoroidal coloboma?

A

localized gap in retina inferior to optic disc

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3
Q

what does a coloboma of the iris look like?

A

gives eye a keyhole appearance

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4
Q

what happens when the inner and outer layers of the optic cup fail to fuse?

A

detachment of retina

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5
Q

detachment of the retina is associated with what disorders?

A

downs syndrome and marfan syndrome

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6
Q

does a retinal detachment separate the entire retina?

A

NO. retinal pigment layer remains attached to choroid (vascular layer of eye)

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7
Q

in a retinal detachment, does the neural layer retain its blood supply?

A

yes (central artery from hyaloid artery)

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8
Q

what does a detached retina cause?

A

fluid accumulation between layers of retina and impaired vision

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9
Q

what is cyclopia?

A

partial or complete fusion of eyes (single eye in a single orbit)

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10
Q

what is proboscis?

A

a tubular nose superior to cyclopia

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11
Q

what is synophthalmia?

A

fusion of eyes

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12
Q

how does cyclopia occur?

A

severe suppression of midline cerebral structures that develop from cranial part of neural plate (holoprosencephaly)

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13
Q

microphthalmia causes?

A

small orbit and underdeveloped face

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14
Q

how does microphthalmia occur?

A

arrested development of eye before optic vesicle forms

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15
Q

what does form in microphthalmia?

A

lens

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16
Q

simple microphthalmia occurs mostly from?

A

infectious agents (rubella, herpes simplex)

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17
Q

what is anophthalmia?

A

unilateral or bilateral absence of eye

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18
Q

what forms in anophthalmia?

A

eyelids

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19
Q

what is always present in anophthalmia?

A

orbit defects (formation of orbit is dependent on developing eye)

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20
Q

how does primary anophthalmia occur?

A

arrested development of eye in 4th week from failure of optic vesicle to form

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21
Q

how does secondary anophthalmia occur?

A

suppressed development of forebrain which causes absence of eye

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22
Q

pigment containing cells of the iris are called?

A

chromatophores

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23
Q

what can influence color of the iris?

A
  • melanin distribution on iris

- sympathetic innervation

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24
Q

what is congenital aniridia?

A

lack of iris tissue or almost complete absence of iris

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25
how does aniridia occur?
arrested development of rim of optic cup
26
what is aniridia associated with?
glaucoma, cataracts
27
what is the pupillary membrane?
covers anterior surface of lens during embryo
28
if the pupillary membrane persists, what happens?
congenital atresia of pupil (absence of pupil opening)
29
the proximal part of the hyaloid artery becomes?
central artery of retina
30
what happens if the distal part of hyaloid artery persists?
- worm-like projection structure projecting from optic disc | - cyst can form in it!
31
describe the eye in individuals with a persistant hyaloid artery?
micophthalmic
32
what is congenital aphakia?
absence of the lens
33
how does aphakia occur?
- failure of the lens placode to form during 4th week | - failure of lens induction by optic vesicle
34
how does congenital glaucoma usually form?
abnormal elevation of intraocular pressure from abnormal draining mechanism of aqueous humor
35
how does congenital glaucoma usually form?
abnormal elevation of intraocular pressure from abnormal draining mechanism of aqueous humor
36
what is intraocular tension?
imbalance between production of aqueous humor and its outflow
37
how does intraocular tension occur?
abnormal development of scleral venous sinus
38
what happens in congenital cataracts?
opaque lens that can lead to blindness if untreated
39
how do cataracts form in congenital galactosemia?
enzyme deficiency causes large amounts of galactose to accumulate in blood and tissues (occurs after birth)
40
how do cataracts form in congenital galactosemia?
enzyme deficiency causes large amounts of galactose to accumulate in blood and tissues (occurs after birth)
41
what is papilledema?
fluid accumulation of optic disc
42
why does fluid accumulation around optic disc?
retinal vessels are surrounded by pia mater and subarachnoid space around optic nerve
43
why does fluid accumulation around optic disc?
retinal vessels are surrounded by pia mater and subarachnoid space around optic nerve
44
how does congenital ptosis occur?
- failure of normal development of levator palpebrae superioris - prenatal injury or dystrophy of superior division of CN III
45
how does congenital ptosis occur?
- failure of normal development of levator palpebrae superioris - prenatal injury or dystrophy of superior division of CN III
46
what is a palpebral coloboma?
notch in eyelid
47
what can result from a lower palpebral coloboma?
drying and ulceration of the cornea
48
what is cryptophthalmos?
congenital absence of the eyelids
49
cryptophthalmos causes what else?
- small and defective eye - no cornea or conjunctiva - absence of eyelashes and eyebrows
50
cryptophthalmos is associated with what other disorder?
urogenital anomalies
51
how can congenital deafness develop?
- maldevelopment of sound conducting apparatus of middle/external ear - maldevelopment of neurosensory structures of internal ear (dev. of middle/external ear and internal ear are independent of each other)
52
abnormalities of malleus and incus are associated with what syndrome?
first arch syndrome
53
defects of the spiral organ and deafness during 7th and 8th week are caused by?
rubella
54
congenital fixation of the stapes results in?
conductive deafness with otherwise a normal ear
55
the annular ligament connects which structures?
base of stapes to oval window (fenestra vestibuli)
56
failure of differentiation of the annular ligament results in?
fixation of stapes to bony labyrinth
57
infants with trisomy syndromes and those whose mothers were exposed to certain drugs during pregnancy usually have what kind of ear defects?
abnormal shape and placement of auricle (low set ears)
58
auricular appendages occur from?
development of accessory auricular hillocks
59
what is anotia?
absence of auricle
60
what is anotia associated with?
first arch syndrome
61
how does anotia occur?
failure of mesenchymal proliferation
62
what is microtia?
small or rudimentary auricle
63
how does microtia occur?
suppression of mesenchymal proliferation
64
microtia is an indicator of?
atresia of external acoustic meatus & middle ear anomalies
65
what are preauricular sinuses and fistulas?
pit-like cutaneous depressions of shallow sinues that are located anterior to auricle
66
preauricular sinuses are associated with?
deafness and kidney malformation
67
the first pharyngeal groove disappears as what happens?
external acoustic meatus forms
68
preauricular sinuses can be formed by?
defective closure of the first pharyngeal groove
69
what's most important about preauricular sinuses?
they can become infected
70
what do auricular fistulas connect?
preauricular skin with tympanic cavity or tonsillar fossa
71
how does atresia of external acoustic meatus form?
failure of meatal plug to canalize
72
atresia of external acoustic meatus is associated with?
first arch syndrome (abnormal auricle & middle/internal ear)
73
how is absence of external acoustic meatus different than atresia?
- atresia: deep part is open but superficial part is blocked & abnormal auricle - absence: normal auricle
74
how does absence of external acoustic meatus occur?
failure of inward expansion of first pharyngeal groove and failure of meatal plug to disappear
75
what is congenital cholesteatoma?
- fragment of keratinized epithelial cells retained after birth - white cyst medial and posterior to tympanic membrane
76
what's clinical relevant about congenital cholesteatoma?
cells can grow and invade neighboring bone

Anatomy Exam 3 Blue Boxes (12 decks)

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