Ear

Question 1

where does an auricular hematoma develop?

Answer 1

between the perichondrium and auricular cartilage

Question 2

if an auricular hematoma goes untreated?

Answer 2

• compromised blood supply to cartilage and fibrosis of skin occurs
• deformed auricle (boxer’s ear)

Question 3

what must occur in order for an otoscope to be placed in a patient’s ear?

Answer 3

pulling the helix of ear up, out, and back to straighten the external acoustic meatus

Question 4

the handle of the malleous is usually visible near what in an otoscopic examination?

Answer 4

center of the tympanic membrane (umbo)

Question 5

what is otitis externa?

Answer 5

inflammation of external acoustic meatus

Question 6

what causes otitis externa?

Answer 6

bacterial infection of skin lining meatus or not cleaning ears after swimming

Question 7

what is otitis media?

Answer 7

inflammation of middle ear

Question 8

what are symptoms of otitis media?

Answer 8

earache and red tympanic membrane

Question 9

otitis media often occurs secondary to what?

Answer 9

upper respiratory infections

Question 10

if otitis media is untreated, what can happen?

Answer 10

impaired hearing due to scarring of auditory ossicles

Question 11

perforation of tympanic membrane can be caused by?

Answer 11

• otitis media
• foreign bodies in external ear
• trauma
• excessive pressure

Question 12

where are incisions to treat a middle ear abscess (myringotomy) performed?

Answer 12

postero-inferiorly through membrane (less vascular)

Question 13

how are chronic otitis media infections treated?

Answer 13

with tympanostomy or pressure equalizing tubes

Question 14

what is mastoiditis?

Answer 14

infections of mastoid antrum and cells from otitis media that causes inflammation of mastoid processes

Question 15

where can mastoiditis spread in children?

Answer 15

superiorly into middle cranial fossa through the petrosquamous fissure (osteomyelitits of tegmen tympani)

Question 16

how can an infection pass from the nasopharynx to the tympanic cavity?

Answer 16

pharyngeotympanic tube

Question 17

what is hyperacusis or hyperacusia?

Answer 17

excessive acuteness of hearing resulting from uninhibited movements of stapes from paralysis of stapedius muscle (CN VII lesion)

Question 18

how does motion sickness occur?

Answer 18

discordance between vestibular and visual stimulation (otoliths stimulate vestibular nerve)

Question 19

what are the three major symptoms of injuries to the peripheral auditory system?

Answer 19

• hearing loss
• vertigo
• tinnitus

Question 20

what is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 20

results from anything in external or middle ear that interferes with conduction of sound

Question 21

what is sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 21

results from defects in the pathway from the cochlea to the brain

Question 22

how can hearing be restored in an individual with damage to the hair cells of the spiral organ?

Answer 22

cochlear implants

Question 23

what is meniere syndrome?

Answer 23

excess endolymph production or blockage of endolymphatic duct

Question 24

what are the symptoms of meniere syndrome?

Answer 24

hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus

Question 25

what is a characteristic sign of meniere syndrome?

Answer 25

ballooning of cochlear duct, utricle, and saccule

Question 26

ho does high tone deafness occur?

Answer 26

repeated exposure to excessively loud sounds causes degeneration of spiral organ

Question 27

what is otic barotrauma?

Answer 27

injury to ear by imbalance in pressure between ambient air and air in the middle ear