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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

The thyroid gland produces ___ and ___.

A

T3; T4

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2
Q

Parafollicular C cells secrete ____.

A

calcitonin

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3
Q

T3 and T4 are synthesized by the _____ ____ cells.

A

follicular epitheliall

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4
Q

____ is composed of newly synthesized thyroid hormones attached to thyroglobulin.

A

Colloid

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5
Q

Thyroid follicle cells secrete ___ micrograms of new hormone/day.

A

60

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6
Q

__ is the major secretory product of the thyroid gland.

A

T4

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7
Q

Most circulating T3 is due to ____ ____ of T4.

A

peripheral conversion

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8
Q

Fasting, medical and surgical stress, and catabolic diseases causes a ____ in the conversion of T4 to T3.

A

reduction

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9
Q

Mutation in the ___ gene causes defects in iodide transport across the apical membrane. Mutations in this gene also affects the cochlea where it causes sensorineural hearing loss.

A

Pendrin

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10
Q

Patients with Pendred syndrome usually have _____ with goiter.

A

hypothyroidism

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11
Q

Deficiency of ____ mimics dietary iodide deficiency.

A

deiodinase

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12
Q

When the availability of iodide is restricted, the formation of __ is favored.

A

T3

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13
Q

High levels of iodide ___ organification and synthesis of thyroid hormones – the Wolff-Chaikoff effect.

A

inhibit

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14
Q

___ inhibits peroxidase, causing high levels of iodide, inhibiting synthesis of thyroid hormones.

A

PTU

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15
Q

PTU is an effective treatment for ____.

A

hyperthyroidism

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Do most thyroid hormones circulate in the blood stream bound to plasma proteins or free?

A

bound to plasma proteins

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18
Q

What are the main binding proteins for T3 and T4?

A

Thyroxine-binding protein (TBG), transthyretin (TTR), and albumin

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19
Q

T4’s half life is _ days. T3’s half life is _ days.

A

6; 1

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20
Q

Circulating levels of ___ can be indirectly assessed with T3 resin uptake test.

A

TBG

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21
Q

High TBG results in __ T4 and __ T3 resin uptake.

A

high; low

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22
Q

Low TBG results in __ T4 and __ T3 resin uptake.

A

low; high

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23
Q

Hepatic failure results in __ TBG and __ T3 resin uptake.

A

low; high

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24
Q

Pregnancy results in __ TBG and __ T3 resin uptake.

A

high; low

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25
Q

Pregnancy results in __ TBG levels, __ bound T3 and T4, and ___ free T3 and T4.

A

high; high; low

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26
Q

The high total levels of T3 and T4, but normal levels of free, physiologically active thyroid hormones results in a state where the person is said to be ____ ____.

A

Clinically euthyroid

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27
Q

Hyperthyroidism will have __ T4 and ___ T3 resin uptake.

A

high; high

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28
Q

Hypothyroidism will have __ T4 and __ T3 resin uptake.

A

low; low

29
Q

Describe the HPT axis.

A

TRH>TSH>T3&T4.

T3&T4 inhibit TSH and TRH secretion.

30
Q

___ regulates the growth of the thyroid gland (trophic effect) and the secretion of thyroid hormones.

A

TSH

31
Q

TSH secretion occurs at a ___ rate.

A

steady

32
Q

___ is the second messenger for TSH.

A

cAMP

33
Q

TSH, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, and increased TBG levels (ie pregnancy) result in ____ of thyroid hormone secretion.

A

stimulation

34
Q

Iodide deficiency, deiodinase deficiency, excessive iodide intake (Wolff-Chaikoff effect), perchlorate, thiocyanate, PTU, and decreased TBG levels (ie liver disease) cause ____ of thyroid hormone secretion.

A

inhibition

35
Q

New ____ are synthesized under the direction of thyroid hormones.

A

proteins

36
Q

In most tissues, synthesis of __-__ ____ is stimulated by thyroid hormones.

A

Na+-K+ ATPase

37
Q

In the liver and adipose tissue, thyroid hormones induce the synthesis of key _____ ____.

A

metabolic enzymes

38
Q

Thyroid hormones increase ____ ____ ____.

A

basal metabolic rate

39
Q

Hyperthyroidism leads to a __ BMR, while hypothyroidism causes a __ BMR.

A

high; low

40
Q

Thyroid hormones stimulate ____ and ____ metabolism.

A

lipid; carbohydrate

41
Q

Thyroid hormones stimulate the synthesis of cardiac __-_____ receptors and is more sensitive to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system.

A

B1-adrenergic

42
Q

Thyroid hormones work synergistically with GH and somatomedins to promote ___ ____.

A

bone formation

43
Q

Thyroid hormones are important for CNS _____.

A

maturation

44
Q

Neural changes induced by thyroid hormone deficiency during the perinatal period are irreversible and lead to _____ unless replacement therapy is started soon after birth.

A

cretinism

45
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on metabolism?

A

Excess: heat intolerance, weight loss, and increased BMR

Deficiency: cold intolerance, weight gain, and decreased BMR

46
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on bone?

A

Excess: osteoporosis

Deficiency: stunted growth

47
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on CNS?

A

Excess: agitation, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hyperreflexia

Deficiency: cretinism (congenital); listlessness, slowed movement, somnolence, impared memory, decreased mental capacity

48
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on the skin?

A

Excess: sweating

Deficiency: dry; myxedema

49
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on the CV system?

A

Excess: tachycardia, AFIB, palpitations, high-output heart failure

Deficiency: bradycardia, decreased contractility, decreased cardiac output, heart failure

50
Q

What is the effect of changes in thyroid hormones on the intestines?

A

Excess: diarrhea

Deficiency: constipation

51
Q

Grave’s disease is ____ hyperthyroidism that results in overproduction of T3 and T4 due to thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins.

A

primary

52
Q

_____ hyperthyroidism is due to a TSH-secreting pituitary tumor.

A

Secondary

53
Q

TSH levels are ___ in primary hyperthyroidism.

A

low

54
Q

TSH levels are ___ in secondary hyperthyroidism.

A

high

55
Q

Major clinical signs of Grave’s disease are _____ and _____ ____.

A

exophthalmos; periorbital edema

56
Q

____ _____ can be due to gland destruction, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis and release, and agenesis of thyroid.

A

Primary hypothyroidism

57
Q

_____ syndrome can cause postpartum hypothyroidism due to the necrosis of the pituitary gland.

A

Sheehan

58
Q

Hypothyroidism due to an iodine deficiency leads to transient ___ in the synthesis of thyroid hormones. TSH levels are _____. Patients present with ____.

A

decrease; elevated; goiters

59
Q

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism results in ____.

A

cretinism

60
Q

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis has ____ T3 and T4 secretion and ___ levels of TSH which cause a goiter.

A

low; high

61
Q

Hypothyroidism is treated by replacement doses of __.

A

T4

62
Q

_____ increases the speed of bodily functions and leads to weight loss, sweating, rapid heart rate, and high blood pressure.

A

Hyperthyroidism

63
Q

_______ decreases the speed of bodily functions and leads to fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

A

Hypothyroidism

64
Q

Grave’s disease results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, ___ TSI, and ____ radioactive iodine uptake test.

A

low; high; positive; high

65
Q

Thyroiditis with hyperthyroidism results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, ___ TSI, and ____ radioactive iodine uptake test.

A

low; high; negative; low

66
Q

Thyroid nodules (hot or toxic) results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, ___ TSI, and ____ radioactive iodine uptake test.

A

low; high; negative; high or normal

67
Q

Hashimoto’s disease (thyroditis, early stage) results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, and ____ antithyroid antibody.

A

high; low or normal; positive

68
Q

Hashimoto’s disease (thyroditis, late stage) results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, and ____ antithyroid antibody.

A

high; low; positive

69
Q

Pituitary abnormality results in ___ TSH, ___ T3/T4, and ____ antithyroid antibody.

A

low; low; negative

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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