Physiology of Learning and Memory Flashcards
_____ is the acquisition of new information (facts).
Learning
_____ is the retention of new information.
Memory
Together, learning and memory enable us to _____ ___ _____.
modify our behavior
______ ____ is skills and habits that have been used so much that they are automatic.
Procedural memory
Procedural memory has anatomic substrates in the _____ for motor skills and _____ for non-motor skills.
cerebellum; nucleus accumbens
Procedural memory is aka _____ memory, __-_____ memory, or _____ memory.
implicit; non-declarative; reflexive
______ ______ is the memory of events, experiences, and facts.
Declarative memory
Declarative memory is aka _____ memory.
explicit
Declarative memory is subdivided into _____ and _____ memories.
episodic; semantic
Episodic memory is the memory of _____.
events
Semantic memory is the memory of ____, _______, and ____.
words; language; rules
_____ ____ is recalling a fact/memory for use; it may be a subset of ____-____ memory.
Working memory; short-term
The production of memory and learning requires the induction of _____ and _____ plasticity.
neuronal; synaptic
______ is alteration in the brain based on use and may be functional or anatomic.
Plasticity
Plasticity due to changes in synaptic functioning can be due to ____-_____ ______ or ____-____ _______.
post-tetanic potentiation; long-term potentiation
Plasticity due to changes in the structure of neurons can be due to gain/loss of ______, structural changes in ______, or structural changes in the ____.
synapses; dendrites; soma
___-______ ________ works by first, a highly active neuron for a short period of time, leading to a large increase in Ca2+ entering the cell (more than can be dealt with), causing more vesicles to fuse, leading to greater neurotransmitter release and a greater probability of action potentials in the post-synaptic cell.
Post-tetanic stimulation
____-____ _______ is a series of changes in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter.
Long-term potentiation
LTP is an increase in neurotransmitter ______ and an increase in _____ to the neurotransmitter.
release; response
LTP usually follows _____ _______.
strong stimulation
LTP is associated with gene transcription related to increased _____ which links synaptic functional change and structural change.
CREB
The proteins produced in neuronal plasticity include NT ______ _____, NT _______, and ______ _____.
synthetic enzymes; receptors; structural proteins
Learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking ______ _______.
protein synthesis
In post-tetanic potentiation, increased activity increases the amount of _______ in pre-synaptic terminal which increases ______ release.
calcium; NT
LTP is changes in both pre- and post-synaptic responses to NT release so the same NT release creates a _____ _____ which lasts _____.
larger response; longer
_____ is involved changes in synapse structure (permanent) and creation of new synapses via _____ _____.
CREB; protein synthesis
What are the four steps in creating declarative memories?
1) Encoding
2) Storage of the information
3) Consolidation
4) Retrieval
In ______, one is attending to new info and linking it to previous memories.
encoding
Emotion is an important component of ______.
encoding
What step of creating declarative memories involves the retention of information over time (short term memory)?
step 2: storage of the information
The anatomical substrate in short-term memory is the ______, ______ _____, and ______ ______.
hippocampus; parahippocampal complex; prefrontal cortex
The interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala is via the _____ ______ __ _____ and is a target in Alzheimer’s disease.
nucleus basalis of Meynert
The physiological substrate in short-term memory is ____.
LTP
The shortest possible memories rely on ____-_______ _______.
Post-tetanic potentiation.
The temporary storehouse for memory is ____.
LTP
______ is the process of making a memory permanent.
Consolidation
Consolidation involves physical changes in _____ _____.
synaptic structure
Consolidation memory from short- to long-term requires the _______, ______ _____, and ______ _____.
hippocampus; temporal lobes; Papez circuit
The Papez circuit involves the _______ ______, ______ _____, ______ ______, and _______.
mammillary bodies; anterior thalamus; cingulate cortex; hippocampus
In consolidating memory from short- to long-term, the memory is ______ sent through the Papez circuit, thus setting up conditions required to induce ____ and neuronal ______ back to the cortex. Eventually, the limbic system is not required for access to the memory.
repeatedly; LTP; plasticity
Long-term memories are stored in the area of the ____ related to the modality of the individual components.
cortex
______ is recalling or using the memory and bringing it into the working memory.
Retrieval
Long-term memory requires the ______, _______ _____, and ______.
neocortex; parahippocampal regions; hippocampus
In retrieving memories, information related to each component of the memory is sent to the _______ _____.
parahippocampal regions
In retrieval, from the parahippocampal cortex, those components are sent to the _____ where the entire memory is _______.
hippocampus; reconstructed
In retrieval, once the memories are in the hippocampus and the entire memory is reconstructed, the information then travels back through the ________ to the ____.
parahippocampus; cortex
The parahippocampus is important in prolonging the life of the cortical _____ of the memory.
trace
The three-component model includes the ____ ____, ____ loop, and _____ loop.
central executive; phonological; visuospatial
In working memory, the central executive is the ______ ____ which receives info from the phonological and visuospatial loops.
prefrontal cortex
The phonological loop is _____ and ______ which provides and interprets the _____ info associated with the memory.
Broca’s; Wernicke’s; auditory
The visuospatial loop is the ______ _____ which provides and interprets the ____ info associated with the memory.
occipital cortex; visual
A detailed memory of space is stored in the ______, using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as ____ cells.
hippocampus; place
The spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory and is activated by _____ _____ in a room and even stronger by a _____.
specific features; reward
Place cells receive inputs via ___ cells, _____ ____ cells, and ____ cells.
grid; head direction; border
_____ cells are neurons that are active only at specific places.
place
_____ ______ serves as a scaffold for reconstruction of the entire memory.
Spatial memory
Place cells are located in the ______.
hippocampus
Grid cells are located in the _______ _____.
entorhinal cortex
_____ ____ are active when exploring an area and create a ____ of the area (triangular or hexagonal).
Grid cells; grid
