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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Physiology of Learning and Memory > Flashcards

Physiology of Learning and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

_____ is the acquisition of new information (facts).

A

Learning

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2
Q

_____ is the retention of new information.

A

Memory

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3
Q

Together, learning and memory enable us to _____ ___ _____.

A

modify our behavior

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4
Q

______ ____ is skills and habits that have been used so much that they are automatic.

A

Procedural memory

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5
Q

Procedural memory has anatomic substrates in the _____ for motor skills and _____ for non-motor skills.

A

cerebellum; nucleus accumbens

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6
Q

Procedural memory is aka _____ memory, __-_____ memory, or _____ memory.

A

implicit; non-declarative; reflexive

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7
Q

______ ______ is the memory of events, experiences, and facts.

A

Declarative memory

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8
Q

Declarative memory is aka _____ memory.

A

explicit

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9
Q

Declarative memory is subdivided into _____ and _____ memories.

A

episodic; semantic

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10
Q

Episodic memory is the memory of _____.

A

events

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11
Q

Semantic memory is the memory of ____, _______, and ____.

A

words; language; rules

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12
Q

_____ ____ is recalling a fact/memory for use; it may be a subset of ____-____ memory.

A

Working memory; short-term

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13
Q

The production of memory and learning requires the induction of _____ and _____ plasticity.

A

neuronal; synaptic

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14
Q

______ is alteration in the brain based on use and may be functional or anatomic.

A

Plasticity

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15
Q

Plasticity due to changes in synaptic functioning can be due to ____-_____ ______ or ____-____ _______.

A

post-tetanic potentiation; long-term potentiation

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16
Q

Plasticity due to changes in the structure of neurons can be due to gain/loss of ______, structural changes in ______, or structural changes in the ____.

A

synapses; dendrites; soma

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17
Q

___-______ ________ works by first, a highly active neuron for a short period of time, leading to a large increase in Ca2+ entering the cell (more than can be dealt with), causing more vesicles to fuse, leading to greater neurotransmitter release and a greater probability of action potentials in the post-synaptic cell.

A

Post-tetanic stimulation

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18
Q

____-____ _______ is a series of changes in the pre- and post-synaptic neurons of a synapse which leads to increased response to the released neurotransmitter.

A

Long-term potentiation

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19
Q

LTP is an increase in neurotransmitter ______ and an increase in _____ to the neurotransmitter.

A

release; response

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20
Q

LTP usually follows _____ _______.

A

strong stimulation

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21
Q

LTP is associated with gene transcription related to increased _____ which links synaptic functional change and structural change.

A

CREB

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22
Q

The proteins produced in neuronal plasticity include NT ______ _____, NT _______, and ______ _____.

A

synthetic enzymes; receptors; structural proteins

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23
Q

Learning and the formation of new memories can be blocked by blocking ______ _______.

A

protein synthesis

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24
Q

In post-tetanic potentiation, increased activity increases the amount of _______ in pre-synaptic terminal which increases ______ release.

A

calcium; NT

25
Q

LTP is changes in both pre- and post-synaptic responses to NT release so the same NT release creates a _____ _____ which lasts _____.

A

larger response; longer

26
Q

_____ is involved changes in synapse structure (permanent) and creation of new synapses via _____ _____.

A

CREB; protein synthesis

27
Q

What are the four steps in creating declarative memories?

A

1) Encoding
2) Storage of the information
3) Consolidation
4) Retrieval

28
Q

In ______, one is attending to new info and linking it to previous memories.

A

encoding

29
Q

Emotion is an important component of ______.

A

encoding

30
Q

What step of creating declarative memories involves the retention of information over time (short term memory)?

A

step 2: storage of the information

31
Q

The anatomical substrate in short-term memory is the ______, ______ _____, and ______ ______.

A

hippocampus; parahippocampal complex; prefrontal cortex

32
Q

The interconnections to the neocortex and amygdala is via the _____ ______ __ _____ and is a target in Alzheimer’s disease.

A

nucleus basalis of Meynert

33
Q

The physiological substrate in short-term memory is ____.

A

LTP

34
Q

The shortest possible memories rely on ____-_______ _______.

A

Post-tetanic potentiation.

35
Q

The temporary storehouse for memory is ____.

A

LTP

36
Q

______ is the process of making a memory permanent.

A

Consolidation

37
Q

Consolidation involves physical changes in _____ _____.

A

synaptic structure

38
Q

Consolidation memory from short- to long-term requires the _______, ______ _____, and ______ _____.

A

hippocampus; temporal lobes; Papez circuit

39
Q

The Papez circuit involves the _______ ______, ______ _____, ______ ______, and _______.

A

mammillary bodies; anterior thalamus; cingulate cortex; hippocampus

40
Q

In consolidating memory from short- to long-term, the memory is ______ sent through the Papez circuit, thus setting up conditions required to induce ____ and neuronal ______ back to the cortex. Eventually, the limbic system is not required for access to the memory.

A

repeatedly; LTP; plasticity

41
Q

Long-term memories are stored in the area of the ____ related to the modality of the individual components.

A

cortex

42
Q

______ is recalling or using the memory and bringing it into the working memory.

A

Retrieval

43
Q

Long-term memory requires the ______, _______ _____, and ______.

A

neocortex; parahippocampal regions; hippocampus

44
Q

In retrieving memories, information related to each component of the memory is sent to the _______ _____.

A

parahippocampal regions

45
Q

In retrieval, from the parahippocampal cortex, those components are sent to the _____ where the entire memory is _______.

A

hippocampus; reconstructed

46
Q

In retrieval, once the memories are in the hippocampus and the entire memory is reconstructed, the information then travels back through the ________ to the ____.

A

parahippocampus; cortex

47
Q

The parahippocampus is important in prolonging the life of the cortical _____ of the memory.

A

trace

48
Q

The three-component model includes the ____ ____, ____ loop, and _____ loop.

A

central executive; phonological; visuospatial

49
Q

In working memory, the central executive is the ______ ____ which receives info from the phonological and visuospatial loops.

A

prefrontal cortex

50
Q

The phonological loop is _____ and ______ which provides and interprets the _____ info associated with the memory.

A

Broca’s; Wernicke’s; auditory

51
Q

The visuospatial loop is the ______ _____ which provides and interprets the ____ info associated with the memory.

A

occipital cortex; visual

52
Q

A detailed memory of space is stored in the ______, using special pyramidal cells in CA1 known as ____ cells.

A

hippocampus; place

53
Q

The spatial map serves as an anchor for the reconstruction of memory and is activated by _____ _____ in a room and even stronger by a _____.

A

specific features; reward

54
Q

Place cells receive inputs via ___ cells, _____ ____ cells, and ____ cells.

A

grid; head direction; border

55
Q

_____ cells are neurons that are active only at specific places.

A

place

56
Q

_____ ______ serves as a scaffold for reconstruction of the entire memory.

A

Spatial memory

57
Q

Place cells are located in the ______.

A

hippocampus

58
Q

Grid cells are located in the _______ _____.

A

entorhinal cortex

59
Q

_____ ____ are active when exploring an area and create a ____ of the area (triangular or hexagonal).

A

Grid cells; grid

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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