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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Thermoregulation > Flashcards

Thermoregulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the relative temperatures of the body from hottest to coldest?

A

Core>oral>average skin>hands>feet

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2
Q

When is the core temperature the lowest during the day?

A

6 AM

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3
Q

When is the core temperature the highest during the day?

A

Early afternoon

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4
Q

Where are thermoreceptors found?

A

Skin, viscera, and brain

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5
Q

Cutaneous thermoreceptors are bimodal. What does this mean?

A

They are both temperature and touch sensitive

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6
Q

Are there more warm or cold sensitive cutaneous thermoreceptors?

A

Cold sensitive (10x more)

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7
Q

What do cutaneous thermoreceptors tell us about?

A

Environmental conditions

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8
Q

What do visceral thermoreceptors sense?

A

Core temperature and threats to maintenance of the core temperature.

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9
Q

What does the visceral thermoreceptors contact about threats to maintenance of core temperature?

A

The hypothalamus

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10
Q

What is an example of a threat to core temperature?

A

Food intake (ice cream, hot soup, etc)

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11
Q

Where are thermoreceptors located in the brain?

A

Pre-optic and superoptic region of hypothalamus.

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12
Q

Are there more warm or cold sensitive brain thermoreceptors?

A

Warm sensitive (3x more)

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13
Q

What is the core temperature of most humans in the morning?

A

36.7C

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14
Q

The hypothalamus has the connections to control the _______, _______, and _______ changes that are part of thermoregulation.

A

hormonal; autonomic; behavioral

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is the controller for body temperature:

1) Determining _____ ______.
2) Receiving info about ______ _______.
3) __________ ______ _____ ____.

A

set point;
current temperature;
deciding what to do

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16
Q

What 3 things change set point?

A

sleep, exercise, and fever

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17
Q

Sleep _____ set point.

A

decreases

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18
Q

Exercise _______ set point.

A

increases

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19
Q

Fever ______ set point.

A

increases

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20
Q

The ______ part of the hypothalamus responds to heat and causes heat loss behaviors.

A

anterior

21
Q

The ______ part of the hypothalamus responds to cooling and causes heat production behaviors.

A

posterior

22
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of heat production?

A

1) ANS
2) endocrine
3) muscular activity
4) non-shivering thermogenesis

23
Q

Muscular activity increases body temperature by _____ and increasing ______ ______ via the _____.

A

shivering; voluntary activity; cortex

24
Q

What is shivering mediated by?

A

the dorsomedial posterior hypothalamus by increasing motoneuron excitation

25
Q

Non-shivering thermogenesis produces heat by a strong ______ ______, increasing _____ _____, and by _____ adipose tissue.

A

hormonal influence; food intake; brown

26
Q

The hormones that influence non-shivering thermogenesis, are _____, which is stimulated by cold and increases metabolic rate, and ______.

A

thyroxin; epinephrine

27
Q

Another mechanism of non-shivering thermogenesis is increasing food intake which leads to an _______ ___ ______.

A

increase in metabolism

28
Q

Brown adipose tissue increases heat production in non-shivering thermogenesis by _______ ________ for initiation.

A

adrenergic innervation

29
Q

Brown adipose tissue produces heat by ____ _______ ______ of ATP via uncoupling proteins leads to more heat production.

A

low efficiency hydrolysis

30
Q

What are the two kinds of evaporative heat loss?

A

Insensible (respiratory) and sweating (controlled)

31
Q

_______ is movement of molecules away from contact.

A

Convection

32
Q

_______ is the transfer of heat between objects in physical contact with one another.

A

Conduction

33
Q

______ is the infrared _____ transferring head between 2 objects not in physical contact.

A

radiation

34
Q

How much blood is sent to the ____ determines how much heat moves from blood to external environment.

A

skin

35
Q

Innervation of sweat glands is ________ _______.

A

sympathetic cholinergic (Ach binding to a muscarinic receptor)

36
Q

The sweat gland duct removes ___ followed by ___.

A

Na+; H2O

37
Q

When there is a high flow rate of sweating, the sweat has a high concentration of ____.

A

water

38
Q

When there is a low flow rate of sweating, the sweat has a high concentration of ____.

A

Na+

39
Q

What happens when there is a decreased core temperature?

A

Increased heat production (shivering & non-shivering thermogenesis) and decreased heat loss (blood away from skin & decrease evaporative heat loss).

40
Q

A _____ is a controlled increase in body temperature.

A

fever

41
Q

A set point increase is the body temperature doing what the _____ is telling it to do.

A

hypothalamus

42
Q

Secretion of _______ by “the bug” and _____ by immune cells cause _______ to be released.

A

endotoxins; cytokines; prostaglandins

43
Q

Prostaglandins _______ the hypothalamic set point for temperature.

A

increase

44
Q

When one has a fever, the body temperature is _____ ____ the set point temperature.

A

less than

45
Q

When one is breaking their fever, the endotoxins and cytokines are no longer being released so the hypothalamus tells the set point to _____ ____ ____.

A

return to normal

46
Q

When one is breaking their fever, the body temperature is _____ _____ the set point temperature.

A

greater than

47
Q

When one is breaking their fever, their body ______ heat production and _____ heat loss.

A

decreases; increases

48
Q

In order to decrease heat production, the body becomes _____ and _____.

A

apathetic and anorexic

49
Q

In order to increase heat loss, the body uses ______, ______, _______ heat loss (sweating and _____ heat loss (panting)).

A

conduction; convection; evaporative; insensible

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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