Neurophysio of Higher Cognition Flashcards
At a neuronal level, ______ is produced by extensive synaptic interactions produced by the pyramidal neurons of the neocortical association areas.
cognition
Cognition includes what 6 things?
language, social cognition, decision making, executive functioning, memory, and visuospatial processing
The language implementation system for speaking involves ______ ____, the ______ ______, _____ ____, and the ____ ____ of the motor cortex.
Wernicke’s area; arcuate fasciculus; Broca’s area; facial area
The _______ ______ for language includes a number of areas in the temporal, parietal, and frontal association areas.
mediational system
The mediational system relays information to the ______ ______ _____.
language implementation system
The ______ _____ is broadly distributed and provides the concepts underlying our language.
conceptual system
The conceptual system provides the ______ and _____ of speech.
concepts; rules
Babies younger than 6 months are referred to as ______ ______, meaning they recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sounds.
language universalists
Between 6-9 months old, babies’ brains change and start to recognize the specific language sounds of their native language so they drop the use of _____ that don’t occur in their language.
phonemes
Language comprehension ______ the ability to talk.
precedes
A second language learned during the language acquisition phase activates the ____ pathway as the first language.
same
A second language learned after the language acquisition phase activates an _____ ____ of _____ ____.
adjacent region; Broca’s area
_______ ______ is an important factor in our ability to function in interpersonal and social situations.
Social cognition
Social cognition is divided into ______ _____ and _____ ___ ____.
emotion comprehension (recognition); theory of mind
____ _____ is an individual’s ability to infer the emotional state of another from observable info, such as prosody and facial expression.
Social cognition
The neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others are also involved in _____ ____ _____ ______.
producing that emotion ourselves.
Step 1 of emotion comprehension is that the perception of facial expressions requires that we identify a face as something special. This facial recognition occurs in the _____ _____ _____ and _____ ____.
superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus
Identifying the emotion in emotion comprehension occurs via the _____ ____ ____, _____, and _____ ____.
anterior cingulate cortex; amygdala; prefrontal cortex
The facial details that cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person are concentrated in a triangle containing the _____, _____, and _____.
eyes; nose; mouth
The _____ controls the use of the eyes and directs the gaze to the triangle (particularly the eyes) when looking at human faces.
amygdala
An individual with damage to the amygdala spends very little time looking at the ____ of another and doesn’t methodically ____ the face, so they miss emotional context.
eyes; scan
_____ neurons fire both when you do something and when you see someone else do that same action.
Mirror
The posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus provides the ____ ____ in emotion recognition.
visual input
The posterior mirror neuron system identifies the _____ ____.
motor action
The anterior mirror neuron system identifies the ____ of the action.
goal
_____ _____ is crucial to developing social cognitive skills because we tend to imitate emotional state/behavior as well as motor behavior.
Imitative behavior
The circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via the _____.
insula
_____ is the study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning.
Prosody
Step 1 in the perception of prosody occurs in the ____ ____ ____ and is required for the basics of sound processing including the identify of ____, _____, and _____ of sound.
primary auditory cortex; pitch; loudness; speed
Step 2 in the perception of prosody occurs in the right _____ ____ _____ ____ where we begin to piece together the _____ of the vocalization.
posterior superior temporal sulcus; meaning
Step 3 in the perception of prosody occurs in the ____ ____ and is the judgment of the _____ ____ of the sound.
frontal cortex; emotional content
The ____ ___ ____ is the ability to understand the mental states of others and appreciate how these differ from our own.
theory of mind
The core pathway of the theory of mind requires the _____, ____ ____ ____, and ______ ____.
amygdala; medial temporal lobes; orbitofrontal regions
The ______ pathways of the theory of mind includes ____ (which is believed to serve as the ‘scaffold’ for the ToM) and _____ _____.
accessory; language; executive functioning
It is likely that _____ ______ is required for the theory of mind to exist.
emotion comprehension
The stimulus encoding system includes the ______ ____, ______ _____ ____, and _____.
orbitofrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex; striatum
The ______ _____ ____ evaluates the evidences available in making the decision and predicts the consequences of actions.
stimulus encoding system
The _____ _____ ____ learns and encodes the subjective value of the results. It is also involved in error detection.
action selection system
The action selection system includes the ______ ____ ____.
anterior cingulate cortex
The ______ _____ _____ predicts the expected reward.
expected reward system
The expected reward system includes the ____ ____, _____, _____ ____, and _____ ____.
basal ganglia; amygdala; insular cortex; intraparietal cortex
The insular cortex is involved in the processing of ____ ____.
social emotions
The intraparietal cortex is involved in _______ processing and _____/____.
somatosensory; planning/intent
A decision in which the risks are known relies most heavily on the _____ _____ ____.
stimulus encoding system
Decisions in which the risks are unknown rely most heavily on the ______ _____ _____ and eventually on the ______ _____ ____.
expected reward system; action selection system
