Neurophysio of Higher Cognition

Question 1

At a neuronal level, ______ is produced by extensive synaptic interactions produced by the pyramidal neurons of the neocortical association areas.

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

Cognition includes what 6 things?

Answer 2

language, social cognition, decision making, executive functioning, memory, and visuospatial processing

Question 3

The language implementation system for speaking involves ______ ____, the ______ ______, _____ ____, and the ____ ____ of the motor cortex.

Answer 3

Wernicke’s area; arcuate fasciculus; Broca’s area; facial area

Question 4

The _______ ______ for language includes a number of areas in the temporal, parietal, and frontal association areas.

Answer 4

mediational system

Question 5

The mediational system relays information to the ______ ______ _____.

Answer 5

language implementation system

Question 6

The ______ _____ is broadly distributed and provides the concepts underlying our language.

Answer 6

conceptual system

Question 7

The conceptual system provides the ______ and _____ of speech.

Answer 7

concepts; rules

Question 8

Babies younger than 6 months are referred to as ______ ______, meaning they recognize all sounds that might be language as distinct sounds.

Answer 8

language universalists

Question 9

Between 6-9 months old, babies’ brains change and start to recognize the specific language sounds of their native language so they drop the use of _____ that don’t occur in their language.

Answer 9

phonemes

Question 10

Language comprehension ______ the ability to talk.

Answer 10

precedes

Question 11

A second language learned during the language acquisition phase activates the ____ pathway as the first language.

Answer 11

same

Question 12

A second language learned after the language acquisition phase activates an _____ ____ of _____ ____.

Answer 12

adjacent region; Broca’s area

Question 13

_______ ______ is an important factor in our ability to function in interpersonal and social situations.

Answer 13

Social cognition

Question 14

Social cognition is divided into ______ _____ and _____ ___ ____.

Answer 14

emotion comprehension (recognition); theory of mind

Question 15

____ _____ is an individual’s ability to infer the emotional state of another from observable info, such as prosody and facial expression.

Answer 15

Social cognition

Question 16

The neural circuits for recognizing emotion in others are also involved in _____ ____ _____ ______.

Answer 16

producing that emotion ourselves.

Question 17

Step 1 of emotion comprehension is that the perception of facial expressions requires that we identify a face as something special. This facial recognition occurs in the _____ _____ _____ and _____ ____.

Answer 17

superior temporal sulcus and fusiform gyrus

Question 18

Identifying the emotion in emotion comprehension occurs via the _____ ____ ____, _____, and _____ ____.

Answer 18

anterior cingulate cortex; amygdala; prefrontal cortex

Question 19

The facial details that cue us as to what emotion we are seeing in another person are concentrated in a triangle containing the _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 19

eyes; nose; mouth

Question 20

The _____ controls the use of the eyes and directs the gaze to the triangle (particularly the eyes) when looking at human faces.

Answer 20

amygdala

Question 21

An individual with damage to the amygdala spends very little time looking at the ____ of another and doesn’t methodically ____ the face, so they miss emotional context.

Answer 21

eyes; scan

Question 22

_____ neurons fire both when you do something and when you see someone else do that same action.

Answer 22

Mirror

Question 23

The posterior sector of the superior temporal sulcus provides the ____ ____ in emotion recognition.

Answer 23

visual input

Question 24

The posterior mirror neuron system identifies the _____ ____.

Answer 24

motor action

Question 25

The anterior mirror neuron system identifies the ____ of the action.

Answer 25

goal

Question 26

_____ _____ is crucial to developing social cognitive skills because we tend to imitate emotional state/behavior as well as motor behavior.

Answer 26

Imitative behavior

Question 27

The circuit for imitating is believed to interact with limbic structures via the _____.

Answer 27

insula

Question 28

_____ is the study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning.

Answer 28

Prosody

Question 29

Step 1 in the perception of prosody occurs in the ____ ____ ____ and is required for the basics of sound processing including the identify of ____, _____, and _____ of sound.

Answer 29

primary auditory cortex; pitch; loudness; speed

Question 30

Step 2 in the perception of prosody occurs in the right _____ ____ _____ ____ where we begin to piece together the _____ of the vocalization.

Answer 30

posterior superior temporal sulcus; meaning

Question 31

Step 3 in the perception of prosody occurs in the ____ ____ and is the judgment of the _____ ____ of the sound.

Answer 31

frontal cortex; emotional content

Question 32

The ____ ___ ____ is the ability to understand the mental states of others and appreciate how these differ from our own.

Answer 32

theory of mind

Question 33

The core pathway of the theory of mind requires the _____, ____ ____ ____, and ______ ____.

Answer 33

amygdala; medial temporal lobes; orbitofrontal regions

Question 34

The ______ pathways of the theory of mind includes ____ (which is believed to serve as the ‘scaffold’ for the ToM) and _____ _____.

Answer 34

accessory; language; executive functioning

Question 35

It is likely that _____ ______ is required for the theory of mind to exist.

Answer 35

emotion comprehension

Question 36

The stimulus encoding system includes the ______ ____, ______ _____ ____, and _____.

Answer 36

orbitofrontal cortex; ventromedial prefrontal cortex; striatum

Question 37

The ______ _____ ____ evaluates the evidences available in making the decision and predicts the consequences of actions.

Answer 37

stimulus encoding system

Question 38

The _____ _____ ____ learns and encodes the subjective value of the results. It is also involved in error detection.

Answer 38

action selection system

Question 39

The action selection system includes the ______ ____ ____.

Answer 39

anterior cingulate cortex

Question 40

The ______ _____ _____ predicts the expected reward.

Answer 40

expected reward system

Question 41

The expected reward system includes the ____ ____, _____, _____ ____, and _____ ____.

Answer 41

basal ganglia; amygdala; insular cortex; intraparietal cortex

Question 42

The insular cortex is involved in the processing of ____ ____.

Answer 42

social emotions

Question 43

The intraparietal cortex is involved in _______ processing and _____/____.

Answer 43

somatosensory; planning/intent

Question 44

A decision in which the risks are known relies most heavily on the _____ _____ ____.

Answer 44

stimulus encoding system

Question 45

Decisions in which the risks are unknown rely most heavily on the ______ _____ _____ and eventually on the ______ _____ ____.

Answer 45

expected reward system; action selection system