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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Intro to Endocrine System > Flashcards

Intro to Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

The hormone secreted from one cell type effects the same cell or the same type of cell.

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2
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

The hormone secreted from one cell type effects a different type of cell.

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3
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

The hormone secreted from one cell type travels through the bloodstream before effecting a cell of a different type.

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4
Q

What is neuroendocrine signaling?

A

The hormone secreted from a neuron travels through the bloodstream to affect a cell of a different type.

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5
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus secrete? (6)

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, and Dopamine

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6
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete? (7)

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Growth Hormone, and Prolactin

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7
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete? (2)

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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8
Q

What hormones does the thyroid release? (3)

A

T3, T4, and Calcitonin

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9
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid release? (1)

A

PTH

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10
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release? (2)

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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11
Q

What hormones does the adrenal medulla release? (2)

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

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12
Q

What hormones does the kidney release? (2)

A

Renin and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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13
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex release? (3)

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, and Adrenal androgens

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14
Q

What hormone does the testes release? (1)

A

Testosterone

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15
Q

What hormones do the ovaries release? (2)

A

Estradiol and Progesterone

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16
Q

What hormones does the corpus luteum release? (2)

A

Estradiol and Progesterone

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17
Q

What hormones does the placenta release? (4)

A

HCG, Estriol, Progesterone, and hPL

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18
Q

What is the sequence of peptide hormone synthesis?

A

DNA>mRNA>preprohormone (in ER)>prohormone (golgi apparatus)>hormone (secretory vesicles)

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19
Q

Proteolytic enzymes cleave to form a ______ ______.

A

Functional hormone

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20
Q

An endocrine cell stimulus such as increased intracellular _____ or increased _____ and ____ activation, cause release of peptide hormone.

A

calcium; cAMP; PKA

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21
Q

______ hormones are synthesized and secreted by the adrenal cortex, gonads, corpus luteum, and placenta.

A

Steroid

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22
Q

____ hormones are derived from tyrosine.

A

Amine

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23
Q

______ are synthesized in the cytosol and secretory granules and act through cell-membrane associated receptors.

A

Catecholamines

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24
Q

Thyroid hormones are synthesized by thyroid gland and stored as ______ in follicles within the gland.

A

thyroglobulin

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25
Q

Thyroid hormones cross the cell membrane and act through _____ _____.

A

nuclear receptors

26
Q

The more protein binding, the _____ the plasma half life and the _____ the metabolic clearance (for the most part).

A

longer; slower

27
Q

The ______ mechanism of hormone secretion is where neuronal input increases or decreases hormonal stimulation.

A

neural

28
Q

The feedback mechanisms of hormone secretion is when some element of the pathway feeds back, directly or indirectly, on the endocrine gland to change _____ ____.

A

secretion rate

29
Q

_____ endocrine feedback is when some feature of hormone action causes additional secretion of the hormone.

A

Positive

30
Q

Examples of positive endocrine feedback include _____ and ____ _____.

A

ovulation; labor contractions

31
Q

______ endocrine feedback is when some feature of hormone action inhibits further secretion of the hormone.

A

Negative

32
Q

______ endocrine feedback confers stability by keeping a physiological parameter within a normal range.

A

Negative

33
Q

____-loop feedback is when a hormone released from a peripheral endocrine gland feeds back all the way to the hypothalamus and pituitary.

A

Long

34
Q

____-loop feedback is when a hormone secreted from the pituitary feeds back to the hypothalamus.

A

Short

35
Q

____ ____-loop feedback is when a gland inhibits its own secretion.

A

Ultra short

36
Q

Descending and ascending neuronal inputs modulate hormonal secretion from the ______.

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

The _______ ______ imposes a circadian rhythm on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and endocrine axes.

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

38
Q

The _____ _____ releases melatonin which feedbacks to the SCN information about day-night.

A

pineal gland

39
Q

______ _____ influences the release of hormone from the hypothalamus.

A

Physiological stress

40
Q

Regulation of hormone receptors is influenced by the _____-_____ complex and by responsiveness of target tissue which is expressed in a ____-____ relationship.

A

hormone-receptor; dose-response

41
Q

Sensitivity of a hormone receptor is defined as hormone concentration that produces __% of maximal response.

A

50

42
Q

Responsiveness can be changed by changing the _____ of receptors or changing the _____ of the receptors for the hormone.

A

number; affinity

43
Q

__-_____ is the increase in the number of receptors or sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are low.

A

Up-regulation

44
Q

__-_____ is the reduction in the number of receptors or the sensitivity of target tissue when hormone levels are chronically high.

A

Down-regulation

45
Q

What are the first messengers in the adenylyl cyclase mechanism? (5)

A

ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, and glucagon

46
Q

What is the primary effector in the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

adenylyl cyclase

47
Q

What is the second messenger in the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

cAMP which cleaves to 5’AMP (inactive)

48
Q

What is the secondary effector in the adenylyl cyclase mechanism?

A

PKA

49
Q

What are the first messengers in the phospholipase C mechanism? (3)

A

GnRH, TRH, and oxytocin

50
Q

What is the primary effector in the phospholipase C mechanism?

A

phospholipase C

51
Q

What are the second messengers in the phospholipase C mechanism? (3)

A

IP3, DAG, and Ca2+

52
Q

What is the secondary effector in the phospholipase C mechanism? (2)

A

PKC or calmodulin

53
Q

Only ____ steroid hormones can diffuse into the target cells.

A

unbound

54
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are located in the _____ or _____.

A

cytoplasm; nucleus

55
Q

The steroid receptor-hormone complex binds to DNA and activates or represses on or more genes. The activated genes create new ____ and that moves back to the _____.

A

mRNA; cytoplasm

56
Q

Some steroid hormones also bind to membrane receptors that use second messenger systems to create ____ ____ _____.

A

rapid cellular responses

57
Q

Guanylyl cyclase activation converts ___ to ___.

A

GTP; cGMP

58
Q

cGMP activates ___ _____ which results in relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by ____ ____.

A

cGMP kinases; nitric oxide

59
Q

Tyrosine kinases phosphorylates downstream proteins. What are the two types of tyrosine kinases?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and tyrosine kinase-associated receptors

60
Q

RTKs are the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and include ____ ____ ____ receptor and _____ receptor.

A

nerve growth factor; insulin

61
Q

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptors associate non-covalently to proteins that have kinase activity and include ____ ____ receptors.

A

growth hormone

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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