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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Physio of Auditory & Vestibular System > Flashcards

Physio of Auditory & Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

The basilar membrane is _____ and _____ near the oval and round windows.

A

narrow and stiff

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2
Q

The basilar membrane is _____ and _____ near the helicotrema.

A

wide and flexible

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3
Q

High frequency sounds deflect at the _____ part of the basilar membrane.

A

base/oval window

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4
Q

Low frequency sounds deflect at the _____ part of the basilar membrane.

A

apex/helicotrema

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5
Q

____ is where distinct locations of the basilar membrane interpret discrete frequencies. This is analogous to ____.

A

Tonotopy; somatotopy

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6
Q

The vibration of the basilar membrane creates a _____ ______ of the cochlea.

A

pressure differential

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7
Q

The pressure differential of the cochlea results in a ______ ______ against the stationary tectorial membrane.

A

shearing force

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8
Q

The shearing force of the tectorial membrane causes displacement of the …….

A

stereocilia of the outer hair cells.

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9
Q

The inner hair cells are activated by …….

A

fluid movement in the cochlear duct.

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10
Q

Depolarization of the cell occurs when _____ _____ open at the apex of the stereocilia.

A

cation channels

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11
Q

Stereocilia are connected to each other via tip links that transmit force to an elastic gating spring, which, in turn, opens the ____ ____.

A

TRPA1 channels

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12
Q

TRPA1 channels are _______ channels.

A

mechanotransduction

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13
Q

Endolymph is potassium-____.

A

RICH

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14
Q

Endolymph fills the ____ ____ and _____ _____.

A

cochlear duct and membranous labyrinth

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15
Q

Endolymph bathes the ……

A

apical end of the hair cells.

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16
Q

Endolymph is found in the ____ ____.

A

scala media

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17
Q

Endolymph is made by the _____ _____.

A

stria vascularis

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18
Q

Perilymph is potassium-____.

A

POOR

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19
Q

Perilymph bathes the ……..

A

basal end of the cochlear hair cells.

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20
Q

Perilymph is found in the ____ ____ and ____ ____.

A

scala vestibuli and scala tympani

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21
Q

The opening of cation channels on stereocilia will cause a rapid influx of ___ into the cell.

A

K+

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22
Q

Influx of K+ into the hair cell causes ____ of the cell.

A

depolarization

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23
Q

Depolarization of the hair cells causes ____ channels at the base of the cells to open.

A

Ca++

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24
Q

Calcium influx into the hair cell causes which neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft?

A

Glutamate

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25
Q

What does glutamate being released into the synaptic cleft cause?

A

Stimulation of the afferent cochlear nerve fibers and transmission of a signal to the CNS (sending info to the tracts).

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26
Q

An upward displacement of the basilar membrane creates a shearing force that results in _____ _____ of the stereocilia.

A

lateral displacement

27
Q

Lateral displacement of the stereocilia causes _____ of the hair cell.

A

depolarization

28
Q

A downward displacement of the basilar membrane creates a shearing force that results in ______ of the hair cell.

A

hyperpolarization

29
Q

The high endocochlear potential (+80 mV) serves to drive positively charged ions into the hair cell ___ their concentration gradient.

A

down

30
Q

The endocochlear potential forms the ____ ____.

A

blood-labyrinth barrier (BLB)

31
Q

____ ___ and ___ ___ disrupt the stria vascularis by diminishing its endocochlear potential, thus impacting hearing.

A

Ototoxic drugs; carbon monoxide

32
Q

Inner hair cells are the primary source of ____ ____.

A

auditory information

33
Q

How many layers do inner hair cells have?

A

one

34
Q

___ hair cells synapse at the peripheral terminal of a primary afferent sensory neuron.

A

Inner

35
Q

___ hair cells are the primary cells that amplify sound waves that results in the movement of the basilar membrane.

A

Outer

36
Q

Outer hair cells’ contractile properties allow them to act like an ______.

A

amplifier

37
Q

How many layers do outer hair cells have?

A

three

38
Q

____ hair cells synapse with sensory afferent peripheral terminals in the spiral ganglions, as well as with terminals from efferent neurons.

A

Outer

39
Q

What is being tested in a newborn hearing screening test? What does this screen for?

A

otoacoustic emissions; sensorineural hearing loss

40
Q

Otoacoustic emissions originate in the ____ _____ _____ and are known as _______ ______.

A

superior olivary complex; olivocochlear efferents

41
Q

Medial olivary complex neurons innervate ___ hair cells.

A

outer

42
Q

Lateral olivary complex neurons innervate ___ hair cells.

A

inner

43
Q

___ efferents:

1) reduce electromotility of outer hair cells
2) decreases basilar membrane motion
3) reduces responses of inner hair cells and auditory nerve fibers

A

Olivocochlear

44
Q

____ efferents:

1) tensor tympani to the malleus and the TM
2) stapedius to the stapes (from CN VII)
3) attenuates sound
4) bilateral response to high sound levels
5) contractions decrease transmission of sound
6) act at low frequencies
7) may prevent damage

A

Medial ear

45
Q

What efferent is implicated in tinnitus?

A

medial ear efferents

46
Q

___ efferents:

1) arise from the CN VIII
2) sympathetic adrenergic fibers
3) regulates vascular tone in blood supply to cochlea

A

Autonomic

47
Q

____ cochlear nuclei integrate the acoustic info with somatosensory info.

A

Dorsal

48
Q

___ cochlear nuclei begin processing the temporal and spectral features of the sound (time and spectrum).

A

Ventral

49
Q

Medial and lateral superior olivary complexes receive ____ ____.

A

Glutamatergic (excitatory) input

50
Q

The ___ generates a map of interaural TIME differences.

A

MSO

51
Q

The ___ generates a map of interaural INTENSITY differences.

A

LSO

52
Q

The ____ _____ suppresses info related to echoes and arrives at a final estimation of localization of sounds along the horizon.

A

inferior colliculus

53
Q

Info about time and intensity differences of sound converge to the _____ _____.

A

inferior colliculus

54
Q

The ____ ___ takes the location data from the inferior colliculus and adds vertical height to create a spatial map of the sound’s location.

A

superior colliculus

55
Q

The ____ _____ ____ processes features of speech inflections.

A

medial geniculate nucleus

56
Q

The ______ ______ _____ does conscious perception of sound; higher order processing of sounds (loudness, changes in volume, rate of frequency changes)

A

primary auditory cortex

57
Q

The ____ ____ ____ responds to more complex sounds (music), identifying/naming a sound, and human speech.

A

auditory association cortex

58
Q

Is the auditory association cortex tonotopic?

A

No

59
Q

How does a cochlear implant work?

A

It has an internal and external component. The internal component includes a receiver and an electrode trave. The receiver decodes the signal and delivers the electrical signals to the electrode array. The electrode array sits in the cochlear duct along the afferents from CN VIII. Electrical signals anywhere along the electrode array will stimulate a particular cochlear nerve afferent along the basilar membrane, mimicking the tonotopy of it.

60
Q

What does rotation in the vertical plane forwards (falling forward) maximally activate?

A

anterior semicicular canal

61
Q

What does rotation in the vertical plane backwards (falling backward) maximally activate?

A

posterior semicircular canal

62
Q

What does rotation in the horizontal plane (spinning) maximally activate?

A

horizontal semicircular canal

63
Q

What does linear acceleration forward and backward (walking/running) maximally activate?

A

utricle

64
Q

What does linear acceleration up and down (jumping) maximally activate?

A

saccule

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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