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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ system involves membrane depolarization and transmission of a signal from synapses.

A

nervous

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2
Q

In the nervous system, communication is ____, but effects on target cells/organs are ____.

A

rapid; short

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3
Q

The ______ system involves hormones that act by binding to specific receptors on target cells.

A

endocrine

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4
Q

In the endocrine system, communication is ______, but the effects on target cells/organs are of _____ duration.

A

shorter; longer

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5
Q

The release of ______ stimuli is controlled by monitoring levels of ions and nutrients in blood and body fluids.

A

humoral

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6
Q

The release of _____ stimuli is stimulated by nerve signals.

A

neuronal

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7
Q

The release of _____ stimuli is caused by a hormone secreted into the bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell.

A

hormonal

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8
Q

The release of PTH stimulated by low serum calcium levels is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

humoral

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9
Q

The release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland in response to a signal from sympathetic nerve fibers is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

neuronal

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10
Q

The release of thyroid hormone stimulated by the release of TSH from the pituitary gland is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

hormonal

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11
Q

____ glands are made up of epithelioid cells arranged as cords/follicles and some as isolated individual cells and is well vascularized.

A

Endocrine

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Endocrine gland

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13
Q

What are the direct targets of hypothalamic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary gland, kidney and uterus (releasing ADH & oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland), and adrenal medulla (via sympathetic innervation)

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14
Q

What do hypothalamic hormones indirectly influence?

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, mammary gland, gonads, and bones.

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15
Q

The anterior pituitary is formed by ____ ____.

A

Rathke’s pouch

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16
Q

The ______ forms the posterior pituitary.

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

___ ectoderm forms the anterior pituitary whereas the ____ ectoderm forms the posterior pituitary.

A

Oral; neural

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18
Q

The anterior pituitary constitues 80% of the gland and is comprised of ______ _____ cells controlled by neurohormones released from the ______.

A

glandular epithelial; hypothalamus

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19
Q

The posterior pituitary is comprised of ____ from the _____ and support cells.

A

axons; hypothalamus

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20
Q

The axons from the hypothalamus carry ____ and _____ for storage and release in the posterior pituitary.

A

ADH; oxytocin

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21
Q

The _____ pituitary consist of pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis.

A

anterior

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22
Q

The _____ pituitary consists of the infundibular stalk and pars nervosa.

A

posterior

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Somatotropic cells secrete ____ hormone.

A

growth

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25
Q

Thyrotropic cells secrete ____.

A

TSH

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26
Q

Corticotropic cells secrete ____ and ____.

A

ACTH and MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

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27
Q

Gonadotropic cells secrete ___ and ___.

A

FSH and LH

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28
Q

Mammotropic cells secrete ___.

A

prolactin

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29
Q

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs are ____.

A

Acidphils

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30
Q

Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs are _____.

A

basophils

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31
Q

_____ are part of pars distalis and have no known function.

A

Chromophobes

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32
Q
A
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33
Q

__ ____ is between pars distalis and pars nervosa.

A

Pars intermedia

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34
Q

Pars intermedia contains small _____ and colloid-filled _____ lined by cuboidal epithelium.

A

basophils; follicles

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35
Q

Pars intermedia usually contains a ____, which is the remnant of Rathke’s pouch.

A

cleft

36
Q

Pars nervosa consists of hypothalamic _____ axons, ____ bodies, and glia-like _____.

A

unmyelinated; Herring; pituicytes

37
Q

Herring bodies store ____ and ____.

A

ADH; oxytocin

38
Q
A
39
Q
A
40
Q

What is the order of blood supply in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

artery>capillary>vein>capillary>vein

41
Q

What is the order of blood supply in the posterior pituitary gland hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

A

artery>capillary>vein

42
Q

ADH targets the ____ and regulates ___ and ___ retention.

A

kidney; Na; water

43
Q

_____ targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation.

A

Oxytocin

44
Q

The pineal gland sythesizes ____ and ____ and has a role in growth, development, and circadian rhythms.

A

melatonin; serotonin

45
Q

The pineal gland consists of _____, _____, and _____ ______ _____.

A

pinealocytes; neuroglia; calicifed granular material

46
Q

What is this?

A

Pineal gland

47
Q

The ____ is characterized by follicles consisting of a layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells) surrounding a fluid called ______.

A

thyroid; colloid

48
Q

Colloid contains ______, a storage form of T3 and T4.

A

thyroglobulin

49
Q

Thyroglobulin is synthesized in ____ ___, glycosylated in the ____ ___, and secreted by exocytosis into the lumen of the follicle (colloid).

A

rough ER; golgi apparatus

50
Q

Thyroglobulin is iodinated at the apical surface forming __ and __.

A

T3; T4

51
Q

___ stimulates internalization of thyroglobulin via endocytosis where it is degraded, freeing T3 and T4.

A

TSH

52
Q

T3 and T4 is released from the ____ surface of the follicle cells into the circulation.

A

basal

53
Q

_______ ___ cells lie just outside the follicles.

A

Parafollicular C

54
Q

Parafollicular C cells secrete _____ when blood levels of calcium are ___.

A

calcitonin; high

55
Q

Calcitonin ____ circulating calcium levels by stimulating secretion by kidneys, decreasing bone resorption by osteoclasts, and increasing osteogenesis by osteoblasts.

A

lowers

56
Q

______ glands are small ovoid glands lying on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and release ______ _____.

A

Parathyroid; parathyroid hormone (PTH)

57
Q

____ regulates serum calcium and phosphate levels.

A

PTH

58
Q
A
59
Q

____ cells release PTH.

A

Chief

60
Q
A
61
Q

PTH stimulates ______ to resorb bone and release its calcium stores.

A

osteoclasts

62
Q

PTH ____ calcium retention by the kidneys.

A

increases

63
Q

PTH stimulates kidneys to convert inactive vitamin D to _____, the active form of vitamin D.

A

calcitriol

64
Q

Calcitriol _____ calcium absorption by the intestines.

A

increases

65
Q
A
66
Q
A
67
Q

What are the adrenal cortex’s 3 zones?

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis.

68
Q

The zona glomerulose secretes ______.

A

aldosterone

69
Q

Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete _____ and _____.

A

cortisol; androgens

70
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes _____ and _____.

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

71
Q

The adrenal medulla primarily consists of _____ cells, which are the target of sympathetic neurons.

A

chromaffin

72
Q

When stimulated by the sympathetic division of the CNS, one population of chromaffin cells secretes _____ and one population of cells secretes ______.

A

epinephrine; norepinephrine

73
Q

______ cells are smaller with granules less electron dense than ______ cells which are larger and have granules that are more electron dense.

A

Epinephrine; norepinephrine

74
Q

_____ disease is a hyposecretory disorder usually in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.

A

Addison’s

75
Q

_____ syndrome is due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids becuase of either an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in the adrenal cortex.

A

Cushing’s

76
Q

_______ such as Aldosterone influences Na+ and K+ levels.

A

Mineralocorticoids

77
Q

______, such as cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system and are released under the control of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.

A

Glucocorticoids

78
Q

______ influence secondary sex characteristics.

A

Androgens

79
Q
A
80
Q

The _____ portion of the pancreas makes up most of the gland and aids in digestion.

A

exocrine

81
Q

Exocrine cells are organized in structures called _____ _____.

A

pancreatic acini

82
Q

Endocrine cells are organised into clusters called _____ ____.

A

pancreatic islets

83
Q

Pancreatic hormones provide for orderly uptake and processing of nutrients. Alpha cells secrete ____, beta cells secrete ____, delta cells secrete ______, and F-cells secrete _____.

A

glucagon; insulin; somatostatin; pancreatic polypeptide

84
Q

_____ slows the release of insulin and glucagon, thereby controlling the rate of nutrient entry into the bloodstream and cells.

A

Somatostatin

85
Q

______ _____ inhibits the release of somatostatin.

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

86
Q

The _______ ____ system allows for hormones to be picked up before delivering blood to the acinar cells in the pancreas so that the hormone can act on it right away.

A

insuloacinar portal

87
Q

The ____ ____ system supplies blood directly to the acinar cells.

A

acinar vascular

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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