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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Histology of Endocrine Organs > Flashcards

Histology of Endocrine Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ system involves membrane depolarization and transmission of a signal from synapses.

A

nervous

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2
Q

In the nervous system, communication is ____, but effects on target cells/organs are ____.

A

rapid; short

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3
Q

The ______ system involves hormones that act by binding to specific receptors on target cells.

A

endocrine

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4
Q

In the endocrine system, communication is ______, but the effects on target cells/organs are of _____ duration.

A

shorter; longer

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5
Q

The release of ______ stimuli is controlled by monitoring levels of ions and nutrients in blood and body fluids.

A

humoral

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6
Q

The release of _____ stimuli is stimulated by nerve signals.

A

neuronal

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7
Q

The release of _____ stimuli is caused by a hormone secreted into the bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell.

A

hormonal

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8
Q

The release of PTH stimulated by low serum calcium levels is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

humoral

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9
Q

The release of epinephrine from the adrenal gland in response to a signal from sympathetic nerve fibers is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

neuronal

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10
Q

The release of thyroid hormone stimulated by the release of TSH from the pituitary gland is an example of _____ stimuli.

A

hormonal

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11
Q

____ glands are made up of epithelioid cells arranged as cords/follicles and some as isolated individual cells and is well vascularized.

A

Endocrine

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Endocrine gland

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13
Q

What are the direct targets of hypothalamic hormones?

A

Anterior pituitary gland, kidney and uterus (releasing ADH & oxytocin in the posterior pituitary gland), and adrenal medulla (via sympathetic innervation)

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14
Q

What do hypothalamic hormones indirectly influence?

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, mammary gland, gonads, and bones.

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15
Q

The anterior pituitary is formed by ____ ____.

A

Rathke’s pouch

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16
Q

The ______ forms the posterior pituitary.

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

___ ectoderm forms the anterior pituitary whereas the ____ ectoderm forms the posterior pituitary.

A

Oral; neural

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18
Q

The anterior pituitary constitues 80% of the gland and is comprised of ______ _____ cells controlled by neurohormones released from the ______.

A

glandular epithelial; hypothalamus

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19
Q

The posterior pituitary is comprised of ____ from the _____ and support cells.

A

axons; hypothalamus

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20
Q

The axons from the hypothalamus carry ____ and _____ for storage and release in the posterior pituitary.

A

ADH; oxytocin

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21
Q

The _____ pituitary consist of pars tuberalis, pars intermedia, and pars distalis.

A

anterior

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22
Q

The _____ pituitary consists of the infundibular stalk and pars nervosa.

A

posterior

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Somatotropic cells secrete ____ hormone.

A

growth

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25
Thyrotropic cells secrete \_\_\_\_.
TSH
26
Corticotropic cells secrete ____ and \_\_\_\_.
ACTH and MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
27
Gonadotropic cells secrete ___ and \_\_\_.
FSH and LH
28
Mammotropic cells secrete \_\_\_.
prolactin
29
Somatotrophs and mammotrophs are \_\_\_\_.
Acidphils
30
Corticotrophs, thyrotrophs, and gonadotrophs are \_\_\_\_\_.
basophils
31
\_\_\_\_\_ are part of pars distalis and have no known function.
Chromophobes
32
33
\_\_ ____ is between pars distalis and pars nervosa.
Pars intermedia
34
Pars intermedia contains small _____ and colloid-filled _____ lined by cuboidal epithelium.
basophils; follicles
35
Pars intermedia usually contains a \_\_\_\_, which is the remnant of Rathke's pouch.
cleft
36
Pars nervosa consists of hypothalamic _____ axons, ____ bodies, and glia-like \_\_\_\_\_.
unmyelinated; Herring; pituicytes
37
Herring bodies store ____ and \_\_\_\_.
ADH; oxytocin
38
39
40
What is the order of blood supply in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?
artery\>capillary\>vein\>capillary\>vein
41
What is the order of blood supply in the posterior pituitary gland hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?
artery\>capillary\>vein
42
ADH targets the ____ and regulates ___ and ___ retention.
kidney; Na; water
43
\_\_\_\_\_ targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation.
Oxytocin
44
The pineal gland sythesizes ____ and ____ and has a role in growth, development, and circadian rhythms.
melatonin; serotonin
45
The pineal gland consists of \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_.
pinealocytes; neuroglia; calicifed granular material
46
What is this?
Pineal gland
47
The ____ is characterized by follicles consisting of a layer of follicular cells (simple cuboidal to columnar epithelial cells) surrounding a fluid called \_\_\_\_\_\_.
thyroid; colloid
48
Colloid contains \_\_\_\_\_\_, a storage form of T3 and T4.
thyroglobulin
49
Thyroglobulin is synthesized in ____ \_\_\_, glycosylated in the ____ \_\_\_, and secreted by exocytosis into the lumen of the follicle (colloid).
rough ER; golgi apparatus
50
Thyroglobulin is iodinated at the apical surface forming __ and \_\_.
T3; T4
51
\_\_\_ stimulates internalization of thyroglobulin via endocytosis where it is degraded, freeing T3 and T4.
TSH
52
T3 and T4 is released from the ____ surface of the follicle cells into the circulation.
basal
53
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ___ cells lie just outside the follicles.
Parafollicular C
54
Parafollicular C cells secrete _____ when blood levels of calcium are \_\_\_.
calcitonin; high
55
Calcitonin ____ circulating calcium levels by stimulating secretion by kidneys, decreasing bone resorption by osteoclasts, and increasing osteogenesis by osteoblasts.
lowers
56
\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands are small ovoid glands lying on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and release ______ \_\_\_\_\_.
Parathyroid; parathyroid hormone (PTH)
57
\_\_\_\_ regulates serum calcium and phosphate levels.
PTH
58
59
\_\_\_\_ cells release PTH.
Chief
60
61
PTH stimulates ______ to resorb bone and release its calcium stores.
osteoclasts
62
PTH ____ calcium retention by the kidneys.
increases
63
PTH stimulates kidneys to convert inactive vitamin D to \_\_\_\_\_, the active form of vitamin D.
calcitriol
64
Calcitriol _____ calcium absorption by the intestines.
increases
65
66
67
What are the adrenal cortex's 3 zones?
Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, and zona reticularis.
68
The zona glomerulose secretes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
aldosterone
69
Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis secrete _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
cortisol; androgens
70
The adrenal medulla secretes _____ and \_\_\_\_\_.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
71
The adrenal medulla primarily consists of _____ cells, which are the target of sympathetic neurons.
chromaffin
72
When stimulated by the sympathetic division of the CNS, one population of chromaffin cells secretes _____ and one population of cells secretes \_\_\_\_\_\_.
epinephrine; norepinephrine
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_ cells are smaller with granules less electron dense than ______ cells which are larger and have granules that are more electron dense.
Epinephrine; norepinephrine
74
\_\_\_\_\_ disease is a hyposecretory disorder usually in both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
Addison's
75
\_\_\_\_\_ syndrome is due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids becuase of either an ACTH-secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in the adrenal cortex.
Cushing's
76
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ such as Aldosterone influences Na+ and K+ levels.
Mineralocorticoids
77
\_\_\_\_\_\_, such as cortisol, influence glucose metabolism and the immune system and are released under the control of ACTH from the anterior pituitary.
Glucocorticoids
78
\_\_\_\_\_\_ influence secondary sex characteristics.
Androgens
79
80
The _____ portion of the pancreas makes up most of the gland and aids in digestion.
exocrine
81
Exocrine cells are organized in structures called _____ \_\_\_\_\_.
pancreatic acini
82
Endocrine cells are organised into clusters called _____ \_\_\_\_.
pancreatic islets
83
Pancreatic hormones provide for orderly uptake and processing of nutrients. Alpha cells secrete \_\_\_\_, beta cells secrete \_\_\_\_, delta cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_\_, and F-cells secrete \_\_\_\_\_.
glucagon; insulin; somatostatin; pancreatic polypeptide
84
\_\_\_\_\_ slows the release of insulin and glucagon, thereby controlling the rate of nutrient entry into the bloodstream and cells.
Somatostatin
85
\_\_\_\_\_\_ _____ inhibits the release of somatostatin.
Pancreatic polypeptide
86
The _______ \_\_\_\_ system allows for hormones to be picked up before delivering blood to the acinar cells in the pancreas so that the hormone can act on it right away.
insuloacinar portal
87
The ____ \_\_\_\_ system supplies blood directly to the acinar cells.
acinar vascular

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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