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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 - DR Creamer > Flashcards

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback Part 1 - DR Creamer Flashcards

1
Q

The ______ ____ is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.

A

hypophysial stalk

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2
Q

Due to anatomical location, tumors in the pituitary expand and put pressure on the ____ ___.

A

optic nerves

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3
Q

The posterior pituitary is derived from neural tissue whose cells bodies are located in the hypothalamus. These nuclei are the _____ nucleus and the _____ nucleus.

A

supraoptic; paraventricular

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4
Q

The supraoptic nucleus (SON) secretes _____.

A

ADH

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5
Q

The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) secretes ____.

A

oxytocin

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6
Q

The anterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus by the _____-_____ ____ ____.

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

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7
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes what 6 hormones?

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin.

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8
Q

Hormones do not appear in ____ concentration in systemic circulation from the hypothalamus because they can be ____ delivered to the anterior pituitary in ___ concentrations.

A

high; directly; high

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9
Q

The connections between the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary are ____, whereas the connections between the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are ____ and ____.

A

neural; neural; endocrine

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10
Q

What constitutes the 3 families of the anterior pituitary?

A

ACTH family; TSH, FSH, LH family; GH, prolactin family.

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11
Q

TRH in the hypothalamus targets thyrotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

A

TSH

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12
Q

CRF in the hypothalamus targets corticotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

A

ACTH

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13
Q

GnRH in the hypothalamus targets gonadotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

A

LH and FSH

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14
Q

GHRH in the hypothalamus targets somatotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

A

GH

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15
Q

______ (____) in the hypothalamus targets somatotrophs in the APit to inhibit secretion of GH.

A

Somatostatin; GHIH

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16
Q

A PIF (such as dopamine) in the hypothalamus targets lactotrophs s in the APit to inhibit secretion of ____.

A

PRL (prolactin)

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17
Q

Elevated TRH in the hypothalamus targets lactotrophs in the APit to secrete ____.

A

PRL

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18
Q

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the peripheral endocrine gland.

A

primary

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19
Q

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the pituitary gland.

A

secondary

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20
Q

A ____ endocrine disorder is high or low levels of a hormone due to a defect in the hypothalamus.

A

tertiary

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21
Q

Extreme energy deficits, extreme exercise, and depression can inhibit ____ function.

A

GnRH

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22
Q

FSH and LH promotes ____ and ____ secretion in female and ____ production in males.

A

estrogen; progesterone; testosterone

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23
Q

Normal menstrual cycle depends on ___ and ___.

A

LH and FSH

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24
Q

Describe the HPG axis in females.

A

GnRH > LH & FSH > androgens & progestins and estrogens

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25
Q

Describe the HPG axis in males.

A

GnRH > LH & FSH > testosterone & androgen-binding protein and spermatogenesis

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26
Q

_____ is secreted by the Sertoli cell in males and the Granulosa cell in females and inhibits FSH synthesis in the pituitary gland.

A

Inhibin

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27
Q

____ is characterized by excessive growth of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone in the face, hands, and feet. It is caused by prolonged and excessive secretion of ____ ____ in adult life.

A

Acromegaly; growth hormone

28
Q

Growth hormone is produced by _____.

A

somatotropin

29
Q

Growth hormone targets the ___ and ___.

A

liver; bone

30
Q

Growth hormone is inhibited by _____ and ___.

A

somatostatin; IGF-1

31
Q

Growth hormone is stimulated by _____ and _____.

A

fasting; hypoglycemia

32
Q

What are the 3 direct actions of growth hormone?

A

Binds directly to target cells on bones and muscle to induce cell growth (hypertrophy), cell reproduction (hyperplasia), and cell metabolism.

33
Q

What are the indirect actions of growth hormone?

A

signals liver to produce IGF which targets almost every cell in the body to stimulate hypertrophy and hyperplasia

34
Q

Describe the HPGh axis.

A

GHRH>GH>IGF-1.

Hypothalamus can also release GHIH which inhibits GH from being released from the APit. GH inhibits GHRH. IGF-1 inhibits GH and GHRH and stimulates GHIH.

35
Q

A primary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have low levels of ___ and high levels of ___.

A

IGF-1; GH

36
Q

A secondary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have ___ levels of IGF-1 and ___ levels of GH.

A

low; low

37
Q

A tertiary endocrine disorder affecting the HPGh axis would have ___ levels of IGF-1, ___ levels of GH, and ___ levels of Ghrelin/GHRH.

A

low; low; low

38
Q

_____ is the disorder caused by excesses in growth hormone before the closure of bone epiphyses.

A

Gigantism

39
Q

In the fed state, the liver will produce ____ which causes mitogenesis, lipolysis, and cell differentiation.

A

IGF-1

40
Q

When carbohydrate intake is high and protein intake is low, ___ is inhibited so the liver ___ produce IGF-1, causing lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage causing weight gain.

A

GH; doesn’t

41
Q

When carbohydrate intake is low and protein intake is high, GH levels ____ so the liver ___ produce IGF-1, causing lipolysis, ketogenic metabolism, and diabetogenic effect.

A

increase; will

42
Q

GH promotes lipolysis, but can also promote _____ _____.

A

insulin insensitivity

43
Q

GH raises blood glucose by decreasing peripheral glucose uptake and stimulating hepatic _____.

A

gluconeogenesis

44
Q

Acromegaly can be diagnosed by ____ serum GH and IGF-1 levels and ____ to suppress GH production in response to an oral load of glucose.

A

elevated; failure

45
Q

What are the three main metabolic functions of GH?

A

Diabetogenic effect, increased protein synthesis and organ growth, and increased linear growth.

46
Q

Growth hormone secretion increases during ___ and ___.

A

sleep; exercise

47
Q

Growth hormone secretion increases substantially during ____ and decreases in ___ ___.

A

puberty; old age

48
Q

Excess in GH is usually caused by a growth hormone-secreting ____ ____.

A

pituitary adenoma

49
Q

Growth hormone levels ____ throughout the day, whereas IGF-1 levels are ____.

A

fluctuate; constant

50
Q

Diagnosis of acromegaly requires increased serum ___, failure to suppress serum ___ during oral glucose tolerance test, and ____ enlargement on MRI.

A

IGF-1; GH; pituitary

51
Q

Prolactin secretion begins to increase during the ___ week of pregnancy.

A

fifth

52
Q

____ inhibits PRL.

A

Dopamine

53
Q

PRL stimulates and maintains ____.

A

lactation

54
Q

PRL suppresses ____, so inhibits ___ and -__.

A

GnRH; LH; FSH

55
Q

____ decreases reproductive function and suppresses sexual drive.

A

PRL

56
Q

Describe the HPP axis.

A

The hypothalamus secretes TRH which acts on the APit to secrete PRL to act on the breasts. Dopamine secreted by the hypothalamus inhibits PRL secretion from the APit. PRL stimulates Dopamine secretion for negative feedback. PRL inhibits GnRH secretion to inhibit FSH and LH secretion to the ovaries.

57
Q

Estrogen, suckling, sleep, stress, and TRH all ____ PRL secretion.

A

stimulate

58
Q

Dopamine, dopamine agonists, somatostatin, and PRL all ____ PRL secretion.

A

inhibit

59
Q

The most common pituitary adenoma is a ____.

A

prolactinoma

60
Q

Cushing’s disease, TSH-secreting adenoma, acromegaly, gigantism, prolactinoma, and non-functioning adenomas are all types of ______.

A

hyperpituitarisms

61
Q

Brain damage, adenoma, non-pituitary tumors such as craniopharyngiomas, infections, infarctions such as Sheehan syndrome, autoimmune disorders, pituitary hypoplasia or aplasia, and genetic disorders can all cause _____.

A

hypopituitarism

62
Q

The posterior pituitary gland secretes ____ and ___.

A

oxytocin; ADH

63
Q

Describe the regulation of oxytocin secretion.

A

Prepro-oxyphysin is cleaved to pro-oxyphysin in the hypothalamus and transported via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract where it is cleaved to oxytocin combined with NPI in the PPit. Oxytocin is released from the PPit to the breast and uterus.

64
Q

Oxytocin stimulates ___ _____ when stimulated by sucking and sight, sound, and smell of an infant.

A

milk letdown

65
Q

Oxytocin stimulates ____ ____ when stimulated by dilation of the cervix or orgasm.

A

uterine contraction

66
Q

____ is synthetic oxytocin.

A

Pitocin

67
Q

____ causes increased milk production, whereas ____ causes milk letdown.

A

Prolactin; oxytocin

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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