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NeuroEndo Test 3 > Physio of Olfaction and Gustation > Flashcards

Physio of Olfaction and Gustation Flashcards

1
Q

What is anosmia?

A

loss of sense of smell

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2
Q

What is ageusia?

A

loss of sense of taste

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3
Q

Chemosensory transduction is initiated in the ____ domain.

A

apical

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4
Q

Electrical signals are generated at the ____ domain via graded receptor potentials and release of neurotransmitters.

A

basal

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5
Q

What does intracellular calcium release facilitate?

A

synaptic vesicle fusion and extrusion of contained neurotransmitters to be released into the basal synapse with local afferents

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6
Q

What does the activation of the afferent primary sensory neuron generate?

A

A receptor potential that if large enough may induce an action potential

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7
Q

What is the stimulus and NT of sour taste?

A

H+ ions; serotonin

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8
Q

What is the stimulus and NT of salty taste?

A

Na+ binding ENaC (epithelial sodium channel); serotonin

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9
Q

What is the stimulus and NT of sweet taste?

A

sugars binding GPCRs; ATP

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10
Q

What is the stimulus and NT of umami?

A

glutamate binding mGluR4 (GPCR); ATP

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11
Q

What is the stimulus and NT of bitter taste?

A

various compounds binding GPCRs; ATP

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12
Q

Olfactory cells are bipolar neurons that release _____ as their primary neurotransmitter.

A

glutamate

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13
Q

Odorants in the mucus directly bind to one of the receptor molecules located in the membranes of the cilia, activating ____.

A

G_olf, an odorant specific G-protein

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14
Q

G_olf activates _____ which generates _____.

A

adenylyl cyclase; cAMP

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15
Q

cAMP opens cyclic nucleotide gated channels (CNGC) leading to ……

A

cation influx (Na+ & Ca+) resulting in depolarization, which results in an opening of Ca++-gated Cl- channels that provide the remainder of the depolarization of the membrane needed to generate an AP.

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16
Q

As odorant stimulation persists, sensitivity of the CNGC to cAMP decreases, reducing ____ _____. Also, the odorant receptor itself can become _____ which inactivates the receptor leading to desensitization.

A

cation influx; phospharylated

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17
Q

Bitter taste is innately aversive. Why is this and what does this do to our bitter-tuned GPCRs?

A

Bitter taste is innately aversive and is thought to guard against consuming poisons. Bitter-tuned GPCRs bind their ligand with very high binding affinity compared to other taste receptors in order to detect potentially poisonous compounds and very low concentrations.

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18
Q

Why do old people add more salt to their food? Why is this a problem?

A

Gustatory and olfactory sensitivity declines with age. This is a problem because increased salt intake in patients with HTN can cause fluid overload.

19
Q

Why is sugar used as an analgesic in newborns?

A

Newborns respond to dilute sweet tastes, seen by relaxation of the face and neural imaging showing a response similar to pleasurable sensation. Small amounts of a sweet solution placed on the tongue of a crying newborn exert a rapid, calming effect along with decreased HR that persists for several minutes.

20
Q

What is the most widely accepted mechanism of the analgesic effect of sugar?

A

The most widely accepted mechanism is a sweet-tasted induced beta-endorphin release, activating the endogenous opioid system.

21
Q

Why is there an age-related decline in preference for sweetness?

A

Basically, children need extra calories during growth, so carbs are less important once reaching childhood; however, this is truly unknown.

22
Q

What is added to liquid medications, alcohol, and caffeinated drinks and why are they added?

A

Active pharmaceutical ingredients are by their nature bitter, so sodium salts and sugar are added.

23
Q

Sodium salts suppress bitter taste at the level of the ________.

A

bitter-receptor

24
Q

Sugars suppress the taste of bitterness at the _____ level.

A

cognitive

25
Q

Where is the first synapse in the gustatory pathway?

A

Solitary nucleus

26
Q

Axons from the solitary nucleus travel through the ____ _____ _____ on their way to synapse in the ______ _____ _____ _____.

A

central tegmental tract; ventral posterior medial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM)

27
Q

Axons from the VPM travel through the _______________ before synapsing at the ____ cortex.

A

posterior limb of the internal capsule; gustatory

28
Q

The gustatory cortex is comprised of what three areas?

A

anterior insular cortex, frontal operculum, and the post-central gyrus (specifically the rostral area of Brodmann area 3b).

29
Q

What is the amygdala’s role in gustation?

A

Affective aspects of eating, emotional context to eating, and memories of eating.

30
Q

What is the hypothalamus’s role in gustation?

A

Integration of homeostatic mechanisms of eating, like hunger.

31
Q

What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in gustation?

A

Integrating visual, somatosensory, olfaction, and gustatory stimuli to collectively appreciate the flavor of food.

32
Q

What does GRow My EGO stand for?

A

Granule cell layer, mitral cell layer, external plexiform layer, glomerular layer, and olfactory nerve layer.

33
Q

Olfactory neurons synapse onto ____ and release _____.

A

glomeruli; glutamate

34
Q

Periglomerular cells are local interneurons and release ____ which _____ _____ of the signal.

A

GABA; increases specifity

35
Q

What do mitral cells and tufted cells project to?

A

olfactory tract

36
Q

Granular cells are local interneurons and release ____.

A

GABA

37
Q

What is the anterior olfactory nucleus?

A

A relay station to ipsilateral and contralateral cortices.

38
Q

What do the piriform cortex and lateral hypothalamus do when working together?

A

Controls appetite and how olfactory input influences appetite and hunger.

39
Q

What do the piriform cortex and medial orbitofrontal cortex do when working together?

A

integration of sight, smell, and taste of food; appreciation of the flavor of food

40
Q

What does the anterior cortical amygdaloid nucelus do?

A

emotional learning and olfactory fear conditioning

41
Q

What does the periamygdaloid cortex do?

A

integration of the emotional aspect of food as ellicited by odor

42
Q

What do the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus do when working together?

A

memory formation and how olfactory input faciliates both memory and recall

43
Q

In what disease are neurons of the olfactory system among the first to demonstrate pathology, even years before other symptoms?

A

Parkinson’s disease

NeuroEndo Test 3 (13 decks)

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