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Clin Lab > Thyroid > Flashcards

Thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

What does the hypothalamus secrete on the thyroid?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone

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2
Q

How does TRH reach the pituitary gland?

A

Via portal circulation

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3
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce when it is stimulated by TRH?

A

The pituitary gland produces and secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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4
Q

What is the mediate stimulus to the thyroid cells?

A

TSH

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5
Q

What do the thyroid cells secrete when they are stimulated by TSH?

A

T3 and T4

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6
Q

What does T3 stand for?

A

triiodothyronine

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7
Q

What does T4 stand for?

A

thyroxine

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8
Q

What makes T3 and T4 unique compared to the rest of the body?

A

They contain iodine

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9
Q

What absorbs iodine? How does this effect the thyroid?

A
  • Iodine is absorbed in the intestine

- Iodine is taken in by the thyroids follicle cells

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10
Q

Describe the iodine concentration of the thyroid gland compared to the plasma

A

The thyroid gland typically achieves iodine concentrations 50 times greater than that of the plasma.

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11
Q

How does iron form T4 and T3

A

Iodine is then used in combination with other amino acids to form T4 and T3.

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12
Q

How is T3 and T4 transported in the blood?

A

In the blood, most T3 and T4 are transported bound to alpha globulins and albumin.

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13
Q

What is the principle protein involvedin transporting T3 and T4?

A

The principle protein involved is known as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG).

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14
Q

Do bound T3 and T4 stimulate target tissues?

A

NO! only unbound ones stimulate target tissues

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15
Q

Are quantities on unbound T3 and T4 large or small?

A

Small

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16
Q

What are examples of thyroid target tissues in the body?

A

Virtually all cells

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17
Q

What is the effect of thyroid hormone?

A
  • Metabolic

- Promotes utilization of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

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18
Q

What are the primary effects of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Aerobic energy metabolism
  • Glucose metabolism
  • Protein metabolism
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Ion transport
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19
Q

What are examples of secondary effects of thyroid hormones?

A
  • Growth/development
  • Cardiac output
  • Ventilation
  • CNS activity
  • Thermoregulation
  • Muscle function
  • GI activity
  • Reproductive functions
20
Q

What are examples of basic problems that you can have with your thyroid?

A
  • Excessive T3 and T4
  • Deficient T3 and T4
  • Malfunction of the gland itself
  • Defect in the anterior pituitary/hypothalamus control system
21
Q

Describe thyroid hormone hypofunction

A

Thyroid hormone secretion is inadequate to maintain normal levels of target tissue stimulation

22
Q

What causes most adult hyposecretion of thyroid?

A

-Surgical resection or radiation therapy after a hyperactive state

23
Q

What is disorder seen in newborns where normal growth and tissue differentiation are impaired.

A

Cretinism

24
Q

Other thyroid hypoperfusion causes

A
  • Penetrating wounds to the neck that produce inflammation.
  • Bacterial or viral infections especially to the mouth or throat region
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Insufficient stimulus by hypothalamus/pituitary
  • Therapeutic drugs that have thyroid blocking side effects
  • Pregnancy and puberty
25
Q

What is the most common hypothyroid disease?

A

Hashimotos’s thyroiditis

26
Q

Describe hashimotos thyroiditis

A
  • Autoimmune disease where antibodies to follicle cells in the thyroid are present
  • Autoimmune disease where antibodies to follicle cells in the thyroid are present
27
Q

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

A
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Cold intolerance
  • Weight gain
  • Constipation
  • Bradycardia
  • Memory loss
28
Q

What are causes of hyperactive thyroid?

A
  • Excess thyroid hormones
  • Thyroid injury (rare)
  • Thyroid tumors
  • Toxic Nodular Goiter
29
Q

What is the most common cause of thyroid hyperfunction?

A

Graves Disease

30
Q

Characteristics of Graves Disease

A
  • Thyroid gland grows to 2-3 times normal size
  • Autoimmune disease
  • Usually effects young females
  • Antibodies are not against thyroid cells but against TSH receptors.
  • They bind to TSH receptors and therefore stimulate thyroid secretion.
31
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A
  • Muscle wasting
  • Increased activity
  • Heat intolerance
  • Weight loss
  • Insomnia
  • Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
  • Tachycardia
  • Tremor
32
Q

What is the most sensitive measurement of thyroid function?

A

TSH

33
Q

What are all the things that can be measured in a thyroid function test

A
  • THS
  • T3
  • T4
  • Free T3
  • Free T4
  • Antithyroid antibodies
34
Q

This measures the amount of unbound T4 that is actually acting on the target tissues.

A

Free T4

35
Q

Are T3 levels used often?

A

No- they are seldomly used

36
Q

What can be measured to determine autoimmune disease?

A

Antithyroid antibodies

37
Q

Describe TSH levels in hypothyroidism

A

TSH is usually 10-100 times normal by the time symptoms develop

38
Q

Describe T4 and Free T4 in hypothyroidism

A

Low

39
Q

Describe anti-TPO antibodies in hypothyroidism

A

Anti-TPO (anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies) levels will be elevated in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

40
Q

Describe TSH levels in hyperthyroidism

A

Below normal

41
Q

Describe T4 and Free T4 in hyperthyroidism

A

Increased

42
Q

Describe anti-TPO antibodies in hyperthyroidism

A

Anti-TSH receptor antibodies will be elevated in Grave’s disease

43
Q

When your patient is hypothyroid, what do they need to make up for that?

A

Suppliments

44
Q

What is the best test of choice to follow therapy

A

TSH

45
Q

How long does it take thyroid medication to stabilize TSH levels

A

6 weeks

46
Q

How often should the patients TSH be monitored to make sure they are on the proper dose?

A

6-12 months

Clin Lab (23 decks)

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