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Clin Lab > CBC > Flashcards

CBC Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CBC measure (4)

A
  1. RBC
  2. WBC
  3. Platelets
  4. % of RBC
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2
Q

What color tube is a CBC collected in and why?

A

Lavender- and it contains an anticoagulant (prevents the cells from sticking together)

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3
Q

What are 3 possible collection problems in a CBC?

A
  1. Failure to mix in anticoagulant
  2. Inadequate filling
  3. Standing/Tournequating the patient too long (increase [RBC])
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4
Q

What are the normal levels for hemoglobin?

A

Male: 13.5-16.6
Female: 12.0-15.0

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5
Q

Describe hemoglobin

A

-Protein that carries oxygen
-Comprises 95% of RBC protein
-Size and color of the RBC depend on hemoglobin
-Most reliable measurement in CBC

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6
Q

What 2 things combine to form hemoglobin?

A

Iron and protein chains

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7
Q

What 4 things make up a hemoglobin molecule?

A
  1. Alpha group
  2. Beta group
  3. Iron
  4. Heme group
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8
Q

What are the normal levels for hematocrit?

A

Male: 41-50%
Female: 36-44%

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9
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of blood occupied by RBC

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10
Q

How is hematocrit calculated?

A

Automated systems calculate the hematocrit from RBC count times the average cell size

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11
Q

What is the average RBC’s (10^6/ml)

A

Male: 4.5-5.5
Female: 4-4.9

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12
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A

-Average adult has 4.5-6 trillion/liter of blood
-Hemoglobin makes up the majority of RBC
-Non-dividing
-Average life span of 100-120 days
-Produced in bone marrow and destroyed in spleen

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13
Q

Characteristics of normal RBC

A

-Concave
-Fluffy
-Deep red (because of hemoglobin)

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14
Q

Production of RBC

A

-Bone marrow stem cells transform into RBC
-Contain receptors for erythropoietin
-Called erythrocytes

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15
Q

This is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of RBC in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

A

Erythropoietin

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16
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced in an adult and fetus?

A

Adult- renal cortex
Fetus- Liver

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17
Q

What does EPO stimulate the production of?

A

RBC from the bone marrow

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18
Q

What happens as RBC age?

A

-Lose enzymes
-Lose surface membranes
-This makes them less able to pass through the spleen

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19
Q

What 2 things does hemoglobin break down into?

A
  1. Heme (iron)
  2. Protein
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20
Q

What does heme break down into?

A

-Free Iron
-Bilirubin
(and the body uses these for other reasons)

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21
Q

Disease characterized by low/deficient RBC

A

Anemia

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22
Q

Disease characterized by excessive RBC

A

Polycythemia

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23
Q

What does RDW stand for?

A

Red Cell Normal Distribution Width

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24
Q

What is the normal value for RDW?

A
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25
Q

This measures the degree of uniformity in size of RBC

A

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

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26
Q

Patients with small RBC will have a high/low RDW?

A

High- they are far away from the normal mean

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27
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean cell volume

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28
Q

Mean cell volume

A

Average cell size

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29
Q

What is the normal values for MCV?

A

80-100

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30
Q

MCH

A

Mean cell hemoglobin

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31
Q

What is the normal value for mean cell hemoglobin?

A

27-31

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32
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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33
Q

What is the normal MCHC value?

A

32-36

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34
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

100,000-450,000

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35
Q

What is ferratin?

A

-Iron complex containing 23% iron
-Directly related to total iron stores
-Good marker for iron deficiency
-Widely distributed to the tissues

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36
Q

What are normal ferratin levels?

A

13-300

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37
Q

Baby, immature erythrocytes

A

Reticulocytes

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38
Q

As EPO levels increase, the rate of RBC production should..

A

INCREASE

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39
Q

T/F: The number of reticulocytes is the most reliable measure of the rate of RBC production?

A

True

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40
Q

The number of baby RBC will be directly/indirectly related to the number of RBC that we will have later on

A

DIRECTLY

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41
Q

Describe a peripheral blood smear…

A

Smear the blood on a slide and count the number of each component under a microscope

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42
Q

Describe a bone marrow examination?

A

-Usually performed if the peripheral blood smear are inconclusive
-Gold Standard Test to document blood disorders

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43
Q

What are the 2 ways to do a bone marrow examination?

A

-Aspirate
-Biopsy

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44
Q

-insert need and take out fluid
-Usually adequate to evaluate most RBC disorders
-Will not recognize a number of non-uniform distributions

A

Aspirate

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45
Q

-Take a tissue sample
-Performed simultaneously with an aspirate

A

Biopsy

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46
Q

Describe serum iron

A

•Measures iron bound to transferrin
•Indirectly measures the rate of delivery to tissues
•Iron levels are 40% higher in the morning

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47
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Iron transporting protein

48
Q

T/F: Production of transferrin is inversely related to body iron stores?

A

True

49
Q

-Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin
-Most common blood disorder

A

Anemia

50
Q

-Small cell anemia
-Decreased RBC size and pale color

A

Microcytic anemia

51
Q

What are the normal levels for hemoglobin?

A

Male: 13.5-16.6
Female: 12.0-15.0

52
Q

Describe hemoglobin

A

-Protein that carries oxygen
-Comprises 95% of RBC protein
-Size and color of the RBC depend on hemoglobin
-Most reliable measurement in CBC

53
Q

What 2 things combine to form hemoglobin?

A

Iron and protein chains

54
Q

What 4 things make up a hemoglobin molecule?

A
  1. Alpha group
  2. Beta group
  3. Iron
  4. Heme group
55
Q

What are the normal levels for hematocrit?

A

Male: 41-50%
Female: 36-44%

56
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The percentage of blood occupied by RBC

57
Q

How is hematocrit calculated?

A

Automated systems calculate the hematocrit from RBC count times the average cell size

58
Q

What is the average RBC’s (10^6/ml)

A

Male: 4.5-5.5
Female: 4-4.9

59
Q

Characteristics of RBC

A

-Average adult has 4.5-6 trillion/liter of blood
-Hemoglobin makes up the majority of RBC
-Non-dividing
-Average life span of 100-120 days
-Produced in bone marrow and destroyed in spleen

60
Q

Characteristics of normal RBC

A

-Concave
-Fluffy
-Deep red (because of hemoglobin)

61
Q

Production of RBC

A

-Bone marrow stem cells transform into RBC
-Contain receptors for erythropoietin
-Called erythrocytes

62
Q

This is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of RBC in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues

A

Erythropoietin

63
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced in an adult and fetus?

A

Adult- renal cortex
Fetus- Liver

64
Q

What does EPO stimulate the production of?

A

RBC from the bone marrow

65
Q

What happens as RBC age?

A

-Lose enzymes
-Lose surface membranes
-This makes them less able to pass through the spleen

66
Q

What 2 things does hemoglobin break down into?

A
  1. Heme (iron)
  2. Protein
67
Q

What does heme break down into?

A

-Free Iron
-Bilirubin
(and the body uses these for other reasons)

68
Q

Disease characterized by low/deficient RBC

A

Anemia

69
Q

Disease characterized by excessive RBC

A

Polycythemia

70
Q

What does RDW stand for?

A

Red Cell Normal Distribution Width

71
Q

What is the normal value for RDW?

A
72
Q

This measures the degree of uniformity in size of RBC

A

Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW)

73
Q

Patients with small RBC will have a high/low RDW?

A

High- they are far away from the normal mean

74
Q

What does MCV stand for?

A

Mean cell volume

75
Q

Mean cell volume

A

Average cell size

76
Q

What is the normal values for MCV?

A

80-100

77
Q

MCH

A

Mean cell hemoglobin

78
Q

What is the normal value for mean cell hemoglobin?

A

26-34

79
Q

What does MCHC stand for?

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

80
Q

What is the normal MVHC value?

A

31-37

81
Q

What is the normal platelet count?

A

100,000-450,000

82
Q

What is ferratin?

A

-Iron complex containing 23% iron
-Directly related to total iron stores
-Good marker for iron deficiency
-Widely distributed to the tissues

83
Q

What are normal ferratin levels?

A

13-300

84
Q

Baby, immature erythrocytes

A

Reticulocytes

85
Q

As EPO levels increase, the rate of RBC production should..

A

INCREASE

86
Q

T/F: The number of reticulocytes is the most reliable measure of the rate of RBC production?

A

True

87
Q

The number of baby RBC will be directly/indirectly related to the number of RBC that we will have later on

A

DIRECTLY

88
Q

Describe a peripheral blood smear…

A

Smear the blood on a slide and count the number of each component under a microscope

89
Q

Describe a bone marrow examination?

A

-Usually performed if the peripheral blood smear are inconclusive
-Gold Standard Test to document blood disorders

90
Q

What are the 2 ways to do a bone marrow examination?

A

-Aspirate
-Biopsy

91
Q

-insert need and take out fluid
-Usually adequate to evaluate most RBC disorders
-Will not recognize a number of non-uniform distributions

A

Aspirate

92
Q

-Take a tissue sample
-Performed simultaneously with an aspirate

A

Biopsy

93
Q

Describe serum iron

A

•Measures iron bound to transferrin
•Indirectly measures the rate of delivery to tissues
•Iron levels are 40% higher in the morning

94
Q

What is transferrin?

A

Iron transporting protein

95
Q

T/F: Production of transferrin is inversely related to body iron stores?

A

True

96
Q

What are the 2 pathogeneses of anemia?

A
  1. Decreased production of RBC
  2. Decreased RBC survival
97
Q

-Small cell anemia
-Decreased RBC size and pale color

A

Microcytic anemia

98
Q

What are some causes of microcytic anemia?

A

-Iron deficiency
-Thalassemia
-Lead Poisoning in Children

99
Q

•Inherited defects in the gene controlling globin chain synthesis
•The type is determined by what gene is effected… alpha or beta
•Produces very small RBC

A

Thalassemia

100
Q

• Common in people of African ancestry
• Alpha chains are needed for synthesis of normal hemoglobin
• Deficiency causes deletion of hemoglobin S chains

A

Alpha Thalassemia

101
Q

• Deletion or reproduction of beta chain
• Produces decreased hemoglobin synthesis and microcytosis
• Hemoglobin A or the beta chains are effected

A

Beta Thalassemia

102
Q

• Usually seen in children
• Decreased iron, increased lead, and increased zinc

A

Lead Poisoning

103
Q
  • High MCV indicates defects in cell maturation
  • Commonly due to B 12 or folate deficiency
  • Present in alcoholics
A

Macrocytic Anemia

104
Q
  • Failure of bone marrow production of RBC’s in response to anemia
  • Common in patients with chronic illness
A

Normocytic Anemia

105
Q
  • Defective production of erythropoietin (EPO- A hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues)
  • Low EPO
    o Cant stimulate RBC production
A

Anemia in Renal Failure

106
Q
  • Pathogenesis is unknown
  • Cells in marrow typically don’t respond to EPO stimulation
  • Defect in mobilization of iron from macrophages to transferrin
  • Low serum iron and low binding capacity and low transferrin
  • Serum ferritin is normal or increased
A

Anemia of Chronic Disease

107
Q
  • Failure of bone marrow causes decreased production
  • Accompanied by low WBC and platelets
A

Aplastic Anemia

108
Q
  • Any disorder where a large percentage of the bone marrow is replaced by abnormal cells
  • Bone marrow biopsy is needed to confirm
A

Bone Marrow Replacement

109
Q
  • Decreased RBC survival is associated with hemoglobin variants of C and S chains
    o Ultimately changes the cells shape
  • Sickle cell anemia causes changes to the cells shape
  • Mutation in the beta chain
  • Allows stacking of hemoglobin which changes the shape of the RBC
A

Hemoglobinopathies

110
Q
  • G6PD is an X linked enzyme
  • Deficiency causes hemolysis or RBC when exposed to infection or oxidant drugs
A

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency

111
Q
  • Part of an autoimmune disease such as lupus
  • Can be due to drugs that attach to membranes
  • IgG antibodies develop against RBC causing decreased RBC survival
A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

112
Q
  • IgG antibodies are capable of passing the placenta
  • Preventative
A

Hemolytic Disease of a newborn

113
Q
  • Increase in RBC mass over normal
  • Increased hemoglobin and hematocrit
  • Less common than anemia
A

Polycythemia

114
Q
  • Increased RBC production due to over production of EPO
  • Caused by fibroid tumors
A

Secondary Polycythemia

115
Q
  • Inappropriate production of red blood cells
  • Uncommon, seen in elderly
  • Decreased EPO
  • WBC and Platelets increase
  • Diagnosis will be made when there is splenomegaly
A

Polycythemia Vera

Clin Lab (23 decks)

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