Thucydides

Question 1

το θέρος

Answer 1

summer
gen θέρους

Question 2

τοῦ δὲ θέρους εὐθὺς ἀρχομένου Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι τὰ δύο μέρη ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ πρῶτον ἐσέβαλον ἐς τὴν Ἀττικήν （ἡγεῖτο δὲ Ἀρχίδαμος ὁ Ζευξιδάμου Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεύς) καὶ καθεζόμενοι ἐδῄουν τὴν γῆν

Answer 2

at the start of the summer, the Lacedaimons and their allies, with only two thirds of what they had at the start, attacked Attica, lead by Archidamus, son of Zeuxidamus, king of the Spartans, they occupied (καθεζόμενοι) and laid waste to the land.

Question 3

ἐγκατασκῆψαι

Answer 3

aor infin ἐγκατασκήπτω
fall upon

Question 4

οὐ μέντοι τοσοῦτός γε λοιμὸς οὐδὲ φθορὰ οὕτως ἀνθρώπων οὐδαμοῦ ἐμνημονεύετο γενέσθαι.

Answer 4

For sure so great a plague and decay (φθορὰ) to such an extent (οὕτως) was remembered by no man to have occurred.

Question 5

οὔτε γὰρ ἰατροὶ ἤρκουν τὸ πρῶτον θεραπεύοντες ἀγνοίᾳ, ἀλλ᾽ αὐτοὶ μάλιστα ἔθνῃσκον ὅσῳ καὶ μάλιστα προσῇσαν

Answer 5

for the doctors were not able to ward off the plague at first, treating through ignorance, and they themselves died the most by how much they visited the sickest people.

Question 6

πάντα ἀνωφελῆ ἦν

Answer 6

everything was useless

Question 7

ἐς τὴν βασιλέως γῆν τὴν πολλήν

Answer 7

through most of the kings country

Question 8

ἐξαπιναίως

Answer 8

suddenly

Question 9

ἐσβεβλήκοιεν

Answer 9

pf opt εἰσβαλλω throw into

Question 10

κρῆναι γὰρ οὔπω ἦσαν αὐτόθι

Answer 10

for there were no fountains there yet

Question 11

τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔτος, ὡς ὡμολογεῖτο, ἐκ πάντων μάλιστα δὴ ἐκεῖνο ἄνοσον ἐς τὰς ἄλλας ἀσθενείας ἐτύγχανεν

Answer 11

that year, it was agreed by everyone, had especially free from sickness (ἄνοσον) towards other illnesses (ἀσθενείας).

Question 12

προκάμνω

Answer 12

have the previous illness

Question 13

ἐς τοῦτο πάντα ἀπεκρίθη

Answer 13

all (illnesses) were determined towards this (they all died)

Question 14

τοὺς δὲ ἄλλους ἀπ᾽ οὐδεμιᾶς προφάσεως

Answer 14

but other cases from no obvious cause

Question 15

ἀλλ᾽ ἐξαίφνης ὑγιεῖς ὄντας πρῶτον μὲν τῆς κεφαλῆς θέρμαι ἰσχυραὶ καὶ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἐρυθήματα καὶ φλόγωσις ἐλάμβανε

Answer 15

but on a sudden a violent (ἰσχυραὶ) heat (θέρμαι) of the head seized those who were previously healthy, and redness (ἐρύθημα) and swelling of the eyes.

Question 16

τὰ ἐντός, ἥ τε φάρυγξ καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα, εὐθὺς αἱματώδη ἦν καὶ πνεῦμα ἄτοπον καὶ δυσῶδες ἠφίει

Answer 16

and shortly (εὐθὺς) the insides, such as the throat and tongue, were bloody and emitted (ἠφίει) unnatural and foul (δυσώδης) air (πνεῦμα).

Question 17

πταρμὸς καὶ βράγχος

Answer 17

sneezing and horseness

Question 18

καὶ ὁπότε ἐς τὴν καρδίαν στηρίξειεν, ἀνέστρεφέ τε αὐτὴν

Answer 18

and when it fixed (στηρίξειεν) to the stomach, it upset it

Question 19

ἀποκαθάρσεις χολῆς πᾶσαι ὅσαι ὑπὸ ἰατρῶν ὠνομασμέναι εἰσὶν ἐπῇσαν

Answer 19

the purging of bile of all kinds that are named by doctors came up

Question 20

λύγξ τε τοῖς πλέοσιν ἐνέπιπτε κενή, σπασμὸν ἐνδιδοῦσα ἰσχυρόν,

Answer 20

in most cases empty retched followed, causing (ἐνδιδοῦσα) violent spasms

Question 21

λωφήσαντα

Answer 21

aor part λωφάω
give up

Question 22

καὶ τὸ μὲν ἔξωθεν ἁπτομένῳ σῶμα οὔτ᾽ ἄγαν θερμὸν ἦν οὔτε χλωρόν

Answer 22

the outside of the body was not very hot to the touch (ἅπτω mp part) nor sickly in colour

Question 23

ἀλλ᾽ ὑπέρυθρον, πελιτνόν, φλυκταίναις μικραῖς καὶ ἕλκεσιν ἐξηνθηκός

Answer 23

but redding, livid and breaking out (ἐξηνθηκός) in small blisters and ulcers

ἐξηνθηκός sg pf part ἐξανθέω

Question 24

τὰ δὲ ἐντὸς οὕτως ἐκάετο ὥστε μήτε τῶν πάνυ λεπτῶν ἱματίων καὶ σινδόνων τὰς ἐπιβολὰς μηδ᾽ ἄλλο τι ἢ γυμνοὶ ἀνέχεσθαι,

Answer 24

but the insides burned to such an extent that he could not bear (ἀνέχεσθαι) the very lightest (λεπτῶν) of clothing nor the throwing on of linen (σινδόνων) nor anything else other than (μηδ᾽ ἄλλο τι ἢ) being naked

3rd impf mp καίω
burn

Question 25

καὶ πολλοὶ τοῦτο τῶν ἠμελημένων ἀνθρώπων καὶ ἔδρασαν ἐς φρέατα, τῇ δίψῃ ἀπαύστῳ ξυνεχόμενοι

Answer 25

and many of those who had been neglected (ἠμελημένων) threw themselves into wells, suffering from unending thirst

ἠμελημένων pf mp part ἀμελέω

Question 26

καὶ ἐν τῷ ὁμοίῳ καθειστήκει τό τε πλέον καὶ ἔλασσον ποτόν.

Answer 26

it was placed in the same way, whether they drink more or less

Question 27

καὶ ἡ ἀπορία τοῦ μὴ ἡσυχάζειν καὶ ἡ ἀγρυπνία ἐπέκειτο διὰ παντός

Answer 27

the difficulty of not being able to rest and the sleeplessness laid on them through everything

Question 28

τὸ σῶμα, ὅσονπερ χρόνον καὶ ἡ νόσος ἀκμάζοι, οὐκ ἐμαραίνετο, ἀλλ᾽ ἀντεῖχε παρὰ δόξαν τῇ ταλαιπωρίᾳ,

Answer 28

the body did not waste away (ἐμαραίνετο) as long as the plague flourished, but held out against expectation (παρὰ δόξαν) of the suffering

ἀντεῖχε hold out c dat

Question 29

ὥστε ἢ διεφθείροντο οἱ πλεῖστοι ἐναταῖοι καὶ ἑβδομαῖοι ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐντὸς καύματος, ἔτι ἔχοντές τι δυνάμεως

Answer 29

so that when most of them died on the ninth or seventh day from internal burning, they still had some strength

Question 30

ἢ εἰ διαφύγοιεν, ἐπικατιόντος τοῦ νοσήματος ἐς τὴν κοιλίαν καὶ ἑλκώσεώς τε αὐτῇ ἰσχυρᾶς ἐγγιγνομένης καὶ διαρροίας ἅμα ἀκράτου ἐπιπιπτούσης οἱ πολλοὶ ὕστερον δι᾽ αὐτὴν ἀσθενείᾳ διεφθείροντο.

Answer 30

or if they escaped (that part), the sickness descended into the bowls and caused violent ulcers in there with severe diarrhoea set in (ἐπιπιπτούσης), most later died through this by weakness

Question 31

διεξῄει γὰρ διὰ παντὸς τοῦ σώματος ἄνωθεν ἀρξάμενον τὸ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ πρῶτον ἱδρυθὲν κακόν,

Answer 31

the disorder (κακον) first settled (ἱδρυθὲν aor pass part) on the head, then spread down beginning from above throughout the whole body

Question 32

καὶ εἴ τις ἐκ τῶν μεγίστων περιγένοιτο, τῶν γε ἀκρωτηρίων ἀντίληψις αὐτοῦ ἐπεσήμαινεν.

Answer 32

and if someone escaped (περιγένοιτο) this disaster, the attack (ἀντίληψις) left its mark on the extremities

Question 33

κατέσκηπτε γὰρ ἐς αἰδοῖα καὶ ἐς ἄκρας χεῖρας καὶ πόδας, καὶ πολλοὶ στερισκόμενοι τούτων διέφευγον

Answer 33

for it attacked the private parts and fingers and toes, and many who escape the disease were left/deprived (στερισκόμενοι) of them

Question 34

τοὺς δὲ καὶ λήθη ἐλάμβανε παραυτίκα ἀναστάντας τῶν πάντων ὁμοίως, καὶ ἠγνόησαν σφᾶς τε αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους.

Answer 34

loss of all memory (λήθη) seized others who have just recovered, and could not recognise themselves or their friends (ἐπιτηδείους)

Question 35

κρεῖσσον λόγου

Answer 35

beyond description