Thrombosis

Question 1

arterial thrombosis

Answer 1

inappropriate activation of platelets and clot formation in ciruclation

Question 2

common cause of arterial thrombosis

Answer 2

atherosclerosis

Question 3

myocardial infarction MI

Answer 3

blockage of arteries due to atheroscloeritc plaque

Question 4

angina

Answer 4

narrowing of coronary arties due to plaque or vasospams

Question 5

signs and symptoms of MI

Answer 5

central chest pain radiating out
sweating, nausea short breath
tachycardia
ECG

Question 6

what is elevated in a Mi

Answer 6

troponin levels, creaine kinase

Question 7

blockage stroke

Answer 7

thrombosis

ischeamic stroke

Question 8

bleed stroke

Answer 8

heamorrhage stroke

Question 9

TIA

Answer 9

transient ischaemic stroke, tetmporary clots

Question 10

venous thrombosis

Answer 10

DVT

caused by inapproriate activation of coagulation

Question 11

virchows triad

Answer 11

stasis of blood, increased coagulation

vessel wall injury

Question 12

what will increase the risk of a venous thrombosis DVT

Answer 12

virchows triad

Question 13

signs and symptoms of DVT

Answer 13

unilateral

• pain
• swelling, redness, heat
• fever, malaise

Question 14

diagnosis of DVT

Answer 14

venogram, X ray with contrast dye

Question 15

what will increase the risk of a venous thrombosis

Answer 15

thrombophillia

can be inherited or acquired

Question 16

inhereited causes of venous thrombosis

Answer 16

hyercaogulability or deficiencies in the inhibitors of caogulation

Question 17

what are natural inhibitors of coagulation

Answer 17

• anti-thrombin III
• protein C and protein S
• thrombomodulin
• plasminogen

Question 18

actions of protein C and S

Answer 18

serine protease and cofactor
- thrombin binds thromobmodulin
- protein C and S bind forming a complex
this deactivates the factors in negative regulation

Question 19

types of inherited thrombophillia

Answer 19

antithrombin III deficiency
protein C defieciency
protein S defieicncy
factor V leiden
prothombin allele
dysfinrinogenaemia
may-thurner syndrome

Question 20

antithromin 3 deficiency

Answer 20

inherited thrombophillia
unable to degrade thrombin and clotting factors
autosomal
- quanititiative form: low levels of antithrombin
- qualitative form: normal amount but it doesnt work well

Question 21

protein C deficiency

Answer 21

inhereited thrombophillia

• quanititiative form: low levels of protein C
• qualitative form: normal amount but it doesnt work well

Question 22

protein S deficiency

Answer 22

inherited thrombophillia
- quanititative
-qualitative
- free protein S reduced but total amount normal
high risk of DVT
women at risk

Question 23

fctor V/5 leiden

Answer 23

inherited thrombophilia
mutation to factor 5 cant be inhibited by protein C
very common cause of thrombophillia

Question 24

prothrombin G20210A allele

Answer 24

inherited thrombophillia

genetic mutated verios of prothrombin elevating levels making thrombosis risk higher

Question 25

dysfinrinigenaemia

Answer 25

dysfunctional fibrinogen which can cause thrombosis or haemohare pretty rare

Question 26

may-thurner syndrome

Answer 26

congenital anatomic variation predisposing to DVT in the left leg compression of the left common iliac vein by the right common iliac artery causis stasis

Question 27

causes of acquire thrombophilia

Answer 27

``` Previous thrombosis Age Immobilisation Surgery Malignancy Oral contraceptives Hormone replacement therapy Antiphospholipid syndrome Essential thrombocytosis Polycythaemia vera Paroxysmal nocturnal haemaglobinuria ```

Question 28

how can malignancy lead to a higher DVT risk

Answer 28

tumour cells might express tissue factors which are needed for the extrinsic cascade occult (unknown) cancers should be invetigated in these cases

Question 29

what is anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome

Answer 29

lupud anticoagulat/stick blood sydrome not fully understood Ab made against phospholipid which are needed for surface for coagulaton messes things up!

Question 30

essential thrombocytosis or thrombocythaemia

Answer 30

acquired thrombphillia raised plateler count causing thrombosis or bleeding it is a myeloproliferative neoplasma

Question 31

myeloproliferative neoplasm

Answer 31

excess production of myeoid blood ccells | eg essential thrombocytosis or thrombocytheaemia

Question 32

what is polycythaemia Rubra vera

Answer 32

another myeloproliferative neoplama excess RBC raised Hct and HGB thickening of blood slows the flow of blood causing stasis increasing risk of thrombosis

Question 33

what is paraxysmal nocturnal haemaglobinuria

Answer 33

lysis of RBC leadsing to Hb in urine that accumulates overnight loss of GIP anchors on the surface of RBC, proteins missing leads to: haemolyic anaemia and venous thrombosis