leukaemia

Question 1

types of leukaemiae

Answer 1

cancer of WBC
- AML
ALL
CML
CLL

Question 2

lymphomas

Answer 2

hodgkins

non-hodkinds

Question 3

what causs the caner

Answer 3

mutations in both oncogenes and tumour supressor genes

- cells contrinualy divide and cant stop and wont die

Question 4

what is leukaemia

Answer 4

cancer of WBC
uncontrolled growth in bone marrow of WBC
causes raised whte cel count in circulation and bone marrow failure as its too crowded

Question 5

causes of leukaemia

Answer 5

most unknown
- chemotherapy
radiation exposure
benzene or formaldehyde exposure
genetics such as down syndromes

Question 6

name the 4 types of leukaemias

Answer 6

AML: acute myeoid
ALL: acute lymphoblasti
CML: chronic myeloid
CLL: chronic lymphoid

Question 7

blast cells

Answer 7

immature WBS that dont usually appear in peripheral lood, they are large with big nuclei

Question 8

basic outline of AML

Answer 8

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of immature white blood cells, particularly granulocytes and monocytes

Question 9

what age does AML affect

Answer 9

all ages
increased risk with age
median is 60yrs

Question 10

signs an symptoms of AML

Answer 10

Acute, often critically ill
Malaise, fever, sweats.
Symptoms of anaemia
Neutropenia - Infections 
Thrombocytopenia - Bleeding / DIC

Question 11

blood test results for AML

Answer 11

on blood film blast celsl seen
thrombocytopenia
anaemia: normocytic and chromic
WBCs and MPO pos

Question 12

MPO

Answer 12

myeloperoidadse
chemical in granules of granulocytes
pos for this signals myeloid origin of cancer

Question 13

prognosis of AML

Answer 13

chemo can lead to full remission in younger patients

older patients have a less good prognosis

Question 14

define remission

Answer 14

when the leukaemia isnt active

Question 15

what is the definition of remission for AMl

Answer 15

<5% blast cells in bone marrow

Question 16

define ALL

Answer 16

uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid stem cells resulting in large numbers of abnormal lymphbolasts in bone marrow

Question 17

who does ALL affect

Answer 17

childre

Question 18

signs and symptoms of ALL

Answer 18

Bone and joint pain
- overcrowding of marrow casues pain
Symptoms of bone marrow failure (anaemia, infection, haemorrhage)
Generalised lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
Hepatosplenomegaly
- extramedullar haemotopiesis occus
Testicular involvement
CNS manifestations

Question 19

blood test results for ALL

Answer 19

over 20% of WBC on blood film are blasts
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
MPO NEG

Question 20

prognosis of ALL

Answer 20

majoity of children curable with chemo and DNA prophylaxis

Question 21

outline of CML

Answer 21

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of circulating leukocytes, particularly neutrophils

Question 22

peak onset of CML

Answer 22

40-60 yr

more males

Question 23

what is CML associated with

Answer 23

presence of philadelphia chromone
oncogene is translocated from chr9 to fuse with BCR gene on chr22
fusion gene encodes protein with high tyrosine kinase activity

Question 24

signs and symptoms of CML

Answer 24

datigue
splenomegaly
gout
bruising
leukostaisis, clumping of leukocytes

Question 25

blood test results of CML

Answer 25

``` high WBC count neutrocytosis incrase in all myeloid cells in peripheral blood, neurtophils high and basophils anaemia thrombocytosis sometimes FISH used for gene mutation ```

Question 26

prognosis of CML

Answer 26

indolent chonic phase followed by acceleration and final fatal phase stem cell transplant is only known cute but mortaility significant

Question 27

outline CLL

Answer 27

uncontrolled clonal prolliferaton of B lymphocytes

Question 28

who does CLL affect

Answer 28

elderlymore males | common in western world

Question 29

signs and symptoms of CLL

Answer 29

asymptomatic often eldery typically die of something else firtst symetrical and painless enlargement of lymph nodes anaemia immunosupressant lots of infections indolent

Question 30

blood test results for CLL

Answer 30

``` high lymphocyte count WBC show as small round lymphoyctes smear cells, they are fagile lyphoycte always B cells anaemia thromboytopenia ```

Question 31

what is lymphoma

Answer 31

cancer of lymphoid tissue | - spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus

Question 32

what is hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 32

malignant B cells accumlating in lymph bodes

Question 33

signs of hodgkins

Answer 33

lymphaddrenophy, swelling splenomegaly fever, itching, fatigue, sweats

Question 34

blood test results for hodgkins

Answer 34

normocytic chomic anaemia eosinophillia neutrophillia high platles

Question 35

prognosis of hodgkins

Answer 35

90% cure rate

Question 36

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 36

large group of lymphoid tumors B cell most common but can be either variable presentation

Question 37

clinical presentation of non-hodgkins

Answer 37

asymetrica lymphadrenopathy sore throat aeniaemia acute abdominal pain, involvement of IG tract and liver and spleen

Question 38

blood test results for non-hodgkins

Answer 38

normo anaemia | neutropenia thrombocytopenia

Question 39

what is multiple myeloma

Answer 39

cancer of cloncal plasma cells in bone marrow B cells b secreting B cells secrete homegenous Ig called paraprotein which is detedable i serum and or urie

Question 40

clinical signs of multiple myeloma

Answer 40

- bone pain - anaemia - renal failure

Question 41

blood test results of multiple myeloma

Answer 41

increased plasma cells in bone marrow parapotein in serum and urne pancytopenia anaeia

Question 42

prognosis of multiple myeloma

Answer 42

cure is elusive chemotherapy and stem cell transplant good palliatve care