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Clinical Biomed yr2 > leukaemia > Flashcards

leukaemia Flashcards

1
Q

types of leukaemiae

A 
cancer of WBC
- AML
ALL
CML
CLL
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2
Q

lymphomas

A

hodgkins

non-hodkinds

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3
Q

what causs the caner

A

mutations in both oncogenes and tumour supressor genes

- cells contrinualy divide and cant stop and wont die

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4
Q

what is leukaemia

A

cancer of WBC
uncontrolled growth in bone marrow of WBC
causes raised whte cel count in circulation and bone marrow failure as its too crowded

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5
Q

causes of leukaemia

A 
most unknown
- chemotherapy
radiation exposure
benzene or formaldehyde exposure
genetics such as down syndromes
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6
Q

name the 4 types of leukaemias

A

AML: acute myeoid
ALL: acute lymphoblasti
CML: chronic myeloid
CLL: chronic lymphoid

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7
Q

blast cells

A

immature WBS that dont usually appear in peripheral lood, they are large with big nuclei

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8
Q

basic outline of AML

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of immature white blood cells, particularly granulocytes and monocytes

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9
Q

what age does AML affect

A

all ages
increased risk with age
median is 60yrs

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10
Q

signs an symptoms of AML

A 
Acute, often critically ill
Malaise, fever, sweats.
Symptoms of anaemia
Neutropenia - Infections 
Thrombocytopenia - Bleeding / DIC
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11
Q

blood test results for AML

A

on blood film blast celsl seen
thrombocytopenia
anaemia: normocytic and chromic
WBCs and MPO pos

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12
Q

MPO

A

myeloperoidadse
chemical in granules of granulocytes
pos for this signals myeloid origin of cancer

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13
Q

prognosis of AML

A

chemo can lead to full remission in younger patients

older patients have a less good prognosis

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14
Q

define remission

A

when the leukaemia isnt active

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15
Q

what is the definition of remission for AMl

A

<5% blast cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

define ALL

A

uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid stem cells resulting in large numbers of abnormal lymphbolasts in bone marrow

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17
Q

who does ALL affect

A

childre

18
Q

signs and symptoms of ALL

A 
Bone and joint pain
- overcrowding of marrow casues pain
Symptoms of bone marrow failure (anaemia, infection, haemorrhage)
Generalised lymphadenopathy (enlarged lymph nodes)
Hepatosplenomegaly
- extramedullar haemotopiesis occus
Testicular involvement
CNS manifestations
19
Q

blood test results for ALL

A

over 20% of WBC on blood film are blasts
neutropenia
thrombocytopenia
MPO NEG

20
Q

prognosis of ALL

A

majoity of children curable with chemo and DNA prophylaxis

21
Q

outline of CML

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of myeloid stem cell resulting in large numbers of circulating leukocytes, particularly neutrophils

22
Q

peak onset of CML

A

40-60 yr

more males

23
Q

what is CML associated with

A

presence of philadelphia chromone
oncogene is translocated from chr9 to fuse with BCR gene on chr22
fusion gene encodes protein with high tyrosine kinase activity

24
Q

signs and symptoms of CML

A 
datigue
splenomegaly
gout
bruising
leukostaisis, clumping of leukocytes
25
Q

blood test results of CML

A 
high WBC count
neutrocytosis
incrase in all myeloid cells in peripheral blood, neurtophils high and basophils
anaemia
thrombocytosis sometimes
FISH used for gene mutation
26
Q

prognosis of CML

A

indolent chonic phase followed by acceleration and final fatal phase
stem cell transplant is only known cute but mortaility significant

27
Q

outline CLL

A

uncontrolled clonal prolliferaton of B lymphocytes

28
Q

who does CLL affect

A

elderlymore males

common in western world

29
Q

signs and symptoms of CLL

A

asymptomatic often
eldery typically die of something else firtst
symetrical and painless enlargement of lymph nodes
anaemia
immunosupressant lots of infections
indolent

30
Q

blood test results for CLL

A 
high lymphocyte count
WBC show as small round lymphoyctes
smear cells, they are fagile
lyphoycte always B cells
anaemia
thromboytopenia
31
Q

what is lymphoma

A

cancer of lymphoid tissue

- spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, adenoids, thymus

32
Q

what is hodgkins lymphoma

A

malignant B cells accumlating in lymph bodes

33
Q

signs of hodgkins

A

lymphaddrenophy, swelling
splenomegaly
fever, itching, fatigue, sweats

34
Q

blood test results for hodgkins

A

normocytic chomic anaemia
eosinophillia neutrophillia
high platles

35
Q

prognosis of hodgkins

A

90% cure rate

36
Q

non-hodgkins lymphoma

A

large group of lymphoid tumors B cell most common but can be either
variable presentation

37
Q

clinical presentation of non-hodgkins

A

asymetrica lymphadrenopathy
sore throat
aeniaemia
acute abdominal pain, involvement of IG tract and liver and spleen

38
Q

blood test results for non-hodgkins

A

normo anaemia

neutropenia thrombocytopenia

39
Q

what is multiple myeloma

A

cancer of cloncal plasma cells in bone marrow
B cells
b secreting B cells secrete homegenous Ig called paraprotein which is detedable i serum and or urie

40
Q

clinical signs of multiple myeloma

A
  • bone pain
  • anaemia
  • renal failure
41
Q

blood test results of multiple myeloma

A

increased plasma cells in bone marrow
parapotein in serum and urne
pancytopenia
anaeia

42
Q

prognosis of multiple myeloma

A

cure is elusive
chemotherapy and stem cell transplant
good palliatve care

Clinical Biomed yr2 (22 decks)

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