Cytology

Question 1

what is cytology

Answer 1

the diagnosis of disease from loose cells

Question 2

how does the cervical cancer screening work

Answer 2

• 25th bday, called for a first screen

- recalled every 3 yrs till 50 then every 5 years after that till 65yrs

Question 3

what cells are collected

Answer 3

endo and ectocervix

Question 4

what is CIN1

Answer 4

mild dyslasia

not bad but small abnorlaities

Question 5

what is CIN2

Answer 5

moderate dysplasia
some absornalaties seen
only seen in lower levels so okay

Question 6

what is CIN3

Answer 6

severe dysplasia dn carinoma in situ
needs to be investiated further quickly
whole layer of cell affected

Question 7

HPV and cervical cancer

Answer 7

established cause of cervial cancer

HPV DNA found in 99% of cervica; cancerrs

Question 8

what is a cervical metaplasia

Answer 8

change o one type of epithelium to another

Question 9

what is the transformation zone

Answer 9

area of metaplasic change in the cervix where cells move from endo to ectocervix
very vulnerable to HPV infections here

Question 10

endocervix

Answer 10

glaudular cells
into uterus
thin and delicate

Question 11

extrcervix

Answer 11

squamus cells
tough
withstand pH and conditions on vagina

Question 12

how grade CIn

Answer 12

cells show koliocytes ( cells packed with virus)
show infection with HPV
cells arent maturing well and dark and rough nucleuc
chromatin dark and clumpy

Question 13

other cervical infections

Answer 13

candida
actinomyces
herpes simplex
trichmonas vaginalis

Question 14

HPV virus and carcinogenesis

Answer 14

HPV virus targets the expression of oncogenes proteins which are required for carcinogenensi by targeting tumour supressor gene products allowing cancer to develop

Question 15

whats the aim of screening

Answer 15

to halt HPV infections before the can integrate into genomes and cause cancer

Question 16

how can HPV be detected?

Answer 16

hybrid capture 2

non-radioactive signal amplification method based on hyridation of target HPV-DNA to labelled RNA probes in solution

Question 17

Roche COBAS DNA PCR

Answer 17

aplification of DNA using RC and nucleic acid hybridation to detect HPV virus

Question 18

what treatment is used for CIN

Answer 18

colposcopy
biopies can be taken
large loop excison of tranformation zone (Lletz)
Hysteroctomy

Question 19

PAP stain

Answer 19

papanialoa stain
for wet fixed stained
good for nuclear detail
made of haemoatoxylin, EA50 and OG6

Question 20

romanowsky stain

Answer 20

for air dried samples
good cytoplasmic detail
may-grunwald and giemsa stain

Question 21

where can cytology samples come from?

Answer 21

• scraping tissue sufrace
• centrifging out of body fluids
• brushing, washings or apriating
• out of lumps or leisons with a needle

Question 22

sample sites for cytology

Answer 22

bladder
pancrease
pleural fluid
caardiac fluid
peritoneal fluid
synovial fuid

Question 23

what is used to obtain cells from the fluid sample

Answer 23

cytocentrifuge because there are only a few cells

Question 24

cytoplathology of urine

Answer 24

easy and simple to collect

routine for patients in haemturia clinic

Question 25

bladder cancer and cytology

Answer 25

cytology very sensitive for high grade tumous and useful to detect things cytoscopy miss because of the folds in the bladder

Question 26

bronchoscopy

Answer 26

used to obtain cytology samples

small tube with camera on the end with hole for forcepts to go down to collec sample

Question 27

what about samples further down respiatory tree

Answer 27

need to perform a bronchalveolar lavage BAL
wash out distal airways with sterile saline
used for deep tumours and opportunisitic infections in HIV patients

Question 28

FNA

Answer 28

fine needle aspiration

used for thryoid nodules or breast tissue

Question 29

what screening is done for breast cancer?

Answer 29

mammography

low dose X ray of the breast

Question 30

pros of cytology

Answer 30

quick
cheap
less invasive

Question 31

cons of cytology

Answer 31

requires expertise
may not be as sensitive and specific
same day diagnosis through something whoo