Cytology Flashcards
what is cytology
the diagnosis of disease from loose cells
how does the cervical cancer screening work
- 25th bday, called for a first screen
- recalled every 3 yrs till 50 then every 5 years after that till 65yrs
what cells are collected
endo and ectocervix
what is CIN1
mild dyslasia
not bad but small abnorlaities
what is CIN2
moderate dysplasia
some absornalaties seen
only seen in lower levels so okay
what is CIN3
severe dysplasia dn carinoma in situ
needs to be investiated further quickly
whole layer of cell affected
HPV and cervical cancer
established cause of cervial cancer
HPV DNA found in 99% of cervica; cancerrs
what is a cervical metaplasia
change o one type of epithelium to another
what is the transformation zone
area of metaplasic change in the cervix where cells move from endo to ectocervix
very vulnerable to HPV infections here
endocervix
glaudular cells
into uterus
thin and delicate
extrcervix
squamus cells
tough
withstand pH and conditions on vagina
how grade CIn
cells show koliocytes ( cells packed with virus)
show infection with HPV
cells arent maturing well and dark and rough nucleuc
chromatin dark and clumpy
other cervical infections
candida
actinomyces
herpes simplex
trichmonas vaginalis
HPV virus and carcinogenesis
HPV virus targets the expression of oncogenes proteins which are required for carcinogenensi by targeting tumour supressor gene products allowing cancer to develop
whats the aim of screening
to halt HPV infections before the can integrate into genomes and cause cancer
how can HPV be detected?
hybrid capture 2
non-radioactive signal amplification method based on hyridation of target HPV-DNA to labelled RNA probes in solution
Roche COBAS DNA PCR
aplification of DNA using RC and nucleic acid hybridation to detect HPV virus
what treatment is used for CIN
colposcopy
biopies can be taken
large loop excison of tranformation zone (Lletz)
Hysteroctomy
PAP stain
papanialoa stain
for wet fixed stained
good for nuclear detail
made of haemoatoxylin, EA50 and OG6
romanowsky stain
for air dried samples
good cytoplasmic detail
may-grunwald and giemsa stain
where can cytology samples come from?
- scraping tissue sufrace
- centrifging out of body fluids
- brushing, washings or apriating
- out of lumps or leisons with a needle
sample sites for cytology
bladder pancrease pleural fluid caardiac fluid peritoneal fluid synovial fuid
what is used to obtain cells from the fluid sample
cytocentrifuge because there are only a few cells
cytoplathology of urine
easy and simple to collect
routine for patients in haemturia clinic
