Blood transfusion

Question 1

what are the BSQR

Answer 1

blood safety and quality regulations

set standards of quality and safety for the collection, testing, processing, storage and distrubution of human blood

Question 2

what standards are set of blood donation processing

Answer 2

GMP, GDP and GLP

Question 3

SAE

Answer 3

serious blood adverse event

associated with the processing and lab

Question 4

SAR

Answer 4

serious adverse reaction with blood donations and patients

associated with collection or transfusion or blood components

Question 5

how is the saftey of the donor ensured?

Answer 5

Weight < 50Kg
Under 17/over 65 (59 for new donor)
Hb estimation, 120 or 135 g/L
Minimum donation interval (16 weeks)
Pregnancy (and until infant 12 months old)
Cardiovascular disease
Surgery/medical investigations/waiting list

Question 6

what is removed from blood to remove risks

Answer 6

white cells removed

takes away risk of prions which can cause CJD

Question 7

when is a red cell transfusion used?

Answer 7

increase a patients oxygen delivery capciy of their blood

anaemia

Question 8

when is a platelet transfusion used?

Answer 8

prevention and tretment of haemmorrhage in patients with thromobcytopenia or platelet function defects

Question 9

when is fresh frozen plasma used?

Answer 9

replacement of coagulation factors in a few specific situations such as the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Question 10

namie two human plasma derrivatives

Answer 10

IgG and albumin

Question 11

whats the use if human IgG as a plasma derrivative

Answer 11

it is pooled from donors

and used for antibodie deficiency syndromes and the treatment of immunological disorders

Question 12

whats the use of albumin as a plasma derrivative

Answer 12

used to maintain blood volume
acts as a colloid
used in liver disease or severe burns where fluid leaks out of circulation nd this prevents that leakage

Question 13

what are blood groups

Answer 13

series of red cell antigens deterined by a single gene locus

Question 14

name some of the common blood groups

Answer 14

ABO
Rh
Kell
MNS
FY/duffy
JK

Question 15

what is KELL

Answer 15

a RBC enzyme

Question 16

where is the ABO grouping locus

Answer 16

chromosome 9

AB antigens are indirect gene products are the direct products are actually a transferase enyme

Question 17

acquired B antigen

Answer 17

disease condition where it leads to changig of antigens on blood cells
deacetylation of A antigen means it changes to galactose leading to it appearing as B now inctread of A

Question 18

where does acquired B antigen appear?

Answer 18

rectal and bowel carcinomas
perforation/ulceration
infections

Question 19

Oh phenotype

Answer 19

rare
no H gene only hh
appear to be group O but actually arent and naturaly have anti-H making them incompatible with all ABO groups except Oh

Question 20

what is theRh blood grouping system

Answer 20

has many haplotypes
he Rh blood group system is a complex set of red blood cell surface proteins that most likely function to maintain the integrity of the cell membrane

Question 21

Rh haplotypes

Answer 21

D, C, c, E, and e account for the vast majority of clinical and laboratory issues in this blood group
D is the MAIN Ag

Question 22

what defines a person as Rh pos or neg?

Answer 22

presence or absence of D Agw

Question 23

who developed the Rh grouping system?

Answer 23

Alexander Weiner

Question 24

Rh null

Answer 24

rare indivuals failing to make RhD and RhCE proteins

indduvals are autosomal and they RBCs and absornal (Rh needed strucurally) and they have chronic mild haemolytic anaemia

Question 25

Kell protein

Answer 25

single glycoprotein enzy,e in RBCs

Question 26

X-linked Mcleod syndrome

Answer 26

lack of Kantigens

patients have skeletal muscle wasting and neurological issues

Question 27

Fy system

Answer 27

alleles: FyA and FyB
codominant antigens
used to be called duffy
acts as receptor

Question 28

why is Fy more common in blacks

Answer 28

gives some protection against malaria

Question 29

Fy (A-B0) phenotypes

Answer 29

occus in populations where malaria is endemic

an alternative gene at the FY locus

Question 30

Jk system

Answer 30

also called Kidd
urea transporter also found on kidney
middmatch can lead to hemoloytic anaemia and disease of the newborn

Question 31

MNS system

Answer 31

complicated glyciphorins

Question 32

red cell antibodies

Answer 32

naturally occuring made following transufion or pregnancy
are made to the red antigens that the patient lacks
can be IgM or IgG

Question 33

what red cell antibodies will someone with group AB have

Answer 33

none

Question 34

wht red cell Ag will someone with group O have

Answer 34

both

Question 35

what red cell Ag will someone group A have

Answer 35

antiB

Question 36

intravascular haemolytic transufion reactions

Answer 36

due to ABO midd match
IgM Ab activated
actiavtes the complement cascade and MACs formned causing lysis of the cells

Question 37

what happens after an intravascular haemoluytic reaction

Answer 37

Hb releaased into circulation
proinflamatory effects, chemokines
patient experiences fever, chills, pain, haemoglobunuria
shock and might go unconscious 
can be fatal and renal failure

Question 38

extracvascular haemotypic transfusion reaction

Answer 38

IgG made to Jf or Kidd etc

IgG binds to RBC, macrophage bind, cell phagocytosed and taken out of circulatio

Question 39

clinical signs of extravascular reaction

Answer 39

delayed, 5-10 days 
people have gone home by now so not so bad
- fever, chills
- haemoglobinuria
- jaundice

Question 40

haemolyic disease of the newbornw

Answer 40

infants RBC destroyed by mothers antibodies

Question 41

clnical effects of HDN

Answer 41

anaemia
hydrops foetalis
hyperbilirubinaemia
neurological defects
hepatosplenomegaly

Question 42

how is HDN prevented

Answer 42

high risk foetuses are identified via a ABO Rh screening

antibody injections of anti D