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Environmental Science #1 > Threats To Biodiversity > Flashcards

Threats To Biodiversity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is direct exploitation

A

When a population has declined as it is exploited for a wide range of products or is considered to be harmful

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2
Q

How are species directly exploited for food

A

Species have been overexploited to provide food for humans i.e. cattle, sheep, growing crops

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3
Q

What are some examples of species are currently overexploited for human consumption

A

Cod, swordfish, tuna, many sharks, and many herbivores (cattle, sheep, chickens)

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4
Q

What species have been made extinct due to over exploitation for food

A

The dodo, great Auk, And the passenger pigeon

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5
Q

How are animals overexploited for fashion

A

Fur coats and accessories
 leather bags and shoes

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6
Q

What sort of animal is exploited for fur coats and accessories

A

Leopard, snow leopard, ocelot, tiger, fur seals

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7
Q

How are seal populations affected by the fashion industry

A

We’re nearly hunted to extinction their skins in the 1900s

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8
Q

What animals are used for leather bags and shoes

A

Crocodiles and alligators

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9
Q

What sort of wild animals people keep as pets

A

Parrots, lizards, Snakes, tortoises, Tropical fish

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10
Q

How have Zoos contribute to over exploitation of animals For pets and entertainment

A

Used to be common to collect wild animals for zoo collections now only Occurs for conservation reasons (increase gene pool)

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11
Q

What is the problem with Aquaria and keeping fish

A

Marine fish are difficult to keep in captivity because of conditions they require not understood

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12
Q

What is the example of a marine fish that shouldn’t be kept in captivity

A

The Banggai Cardinal fish is endemic to the Banggai Islands of Indonesia is it in made endangered due to collection from the wild

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13
Q

How is nature overexploited for furniture and ornaments

A

A lot of furniture is made with timber from tropical rainforests, black piano keys were made of ebony wood and white Keys made of elephant ivory, coral and seashells as tourist souvenirs

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14
Q

What are some examples of tropical trees used for furniture

A

Mahogany, teak and Ramin

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15
Q

Why are traditional medicines are contributed to overexploitation

A

Demand for traditional medicines especially in Asia has led to large numbers of selected species being collected

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16
Q

Why are traditional medicines problematic

A

Little scientific evidence that they are effective as medicines

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17
Q

What type of animals are used in traditional medicines

A

Tigers, rhinoceros, seahorses

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18
Q

What sort of things can traditional medicine with tiger in it be used to cure

A

Claws as a sedative, Tail for skin diseases, dung for alcoholism And whiskers for toothache

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19
Q

What “other products” are Directly exploited from nature

A

Oil from Whale blubber and spermaceti from the heads of sperm whales

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20
Q

What was whale blubber and spermaceti used for

A

Manufacture products such as lamp oil, candles, soap, lubricating oil, cosmetics and perfume

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21
Q

Why have many species been eradicated by humans?

A

They threaten humans or interfere with human activities

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22
Q

What sort of species are eradicated because they threaten humans?

A

Sharks
Poisonous snakes
Crocodiles

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23
Q

What are some pathogen vectors (disease carriers)?

A

Malaria mosquitoes
Tsetse flies

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24
Q

What are some predators of livestock?

A

Wolves
Puma
Lion s
Birds of prey
Herons
Seals

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25
Q

What are some agricultural pests

A

Insects
Fungi
Birds
Molluscs

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26
Q

What are some wild herbivores that eat crops//compete with livestock

A

Rabbits
Deer

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27
Q

What are some forestry pests?

A

Wood-boring beetles
Deer
Squirrels
Beavers

28
Q

How can humans affect water availability?

A

Land drainage- affected large wetland, over exploitations of groundwater (lowering water table), HEP schemes may cause sudden change in water levels flooding river side nests ad killing eggs

29
Q

How do humans reduce the levels of dissolved oxygen in water?

A

Reduced by hot water discharges from power stations or by discharging organic waste which deoxygenates the water as it decomposes

30
Q

What negative impacts does reduced dissolved oxygen have?

A

Reduce the survival of aerobic organisms such as fish and insect larvae

31
Q

What sort of plants are found in anaerobic soil?

A

The sundew in marshland where there isn’t any competition

32
Q

Why can most plants not survive in anaerobic soil?

A

Have low nitrogen levels so large plants with high nitrogen demands cannot live there

33
Q

How does the SUNDEW get its nitrogen?

A

Trapping and directing insects

34
Q

How is the SUNDEW affected by land drainage?

A

Produce more aerobic soils may allow taller competitors to colonise that area causing the SUNDEW to die out

35
Q

How will changing temperature affect wildlife species

A

species that are able to adapt to changing conditions will thrive while those that cannot will die out

36
Q

How will global climate change Affect species

A

Will cause changes in the distribution of species as they colonised areas which become more suitable or die out In areas they can no longer survive


37
Q

How might hot effluent water affect species

A

Increasing water temperature can increase the growth rate of aquatic vegetation, providing more food for aquatic animals, or it may increase the rate of decomposition Causing deoxygenation

38
Q

How can humans affect PH?

A

pollutant gases from Burning fossil fuels, smelting metals produces acidic conditions, removing of crops

39
Q

What is the problem with acidic conditions

A

Can denature the cell proteins of exposed tissues

40
Q

What species are particularly vulnerable to acidic conditions

A

Fish eggs and gills, invertebrates with calcium based exoskeletons such as crayfish

41
Q

How can humans affect water turbidity

A

Activities such as ploughing mining or dredging mean increase water turbidity

42
Q

What is the problem with increased water turbidity

A

Reduce light penetration and prevent submerged aquatic plants from photosynthesising
Can also kill filter feeding organisms as the gills become blocked

43
Q

How can humans cause physical damage to species

A

Discarding litter or old fishing gear

44
Q

Why are pollinators so important

A

Many plants pollen is transported between the flowers by insects

45
Q

What would happen if insects died out

A

The plants would not be able to reproduce

46
Q

What is reducing the population of many pollinators

A

Use of pesticides, loss of wild flowering plants

47
Q

What is an example of a pollinator

A

The bee

48
Q

 And what sort of animals are Able to disperse seeds

A

Large herbivores such as elephants, rhinos, hippos, gorillas And many monkey species

49
Q

What are seed dispersal species

A

Animals that eat seeds and fruit

50
Q

Why are elephants good at seed dispersal

A

Unlike most large animal herbivores they are not ruminants so they did not repeatedly chew their food which would destroy the seeds they are also not territorial so they spread Seeds over a larger area than most herbivores

51
Q

How can overexploitation affect food chain

A

Over exploitation of one species may cause an increase of another

52
Q

What is an example of a food chain Impact

A

Overcollection of turtle eggs causes a decline in turtle numbers and therefore increasing their food species I. E. jellyfish

53
Q

What is an introduced species

A

Non-native species has introduced to an area where it may have a greater chance of survival over the native species

54
Q

What is an example of an introduced competitor

A

The grey screw was introduced to the UK from North America it is outcompeted the red squirrel in many areas

55
Q

Why did the grey squirrel outcompete the red squirrel

A

It can digest acorns from out trees which the red squirrel cannot it is also larger and can compete more successfully for nest sites

56
Q

What is the problem with rhododendrons

A

They are very invasive and being Evergreen they shade the ground and prevent the regrowth of native Vegetation they also release toxins that inhibit the growth of other plants

57
Q

How can a ships ballast water introduced species

A

Cargo ships often carry ballast water when there is no cargo on board it may be hung down board and one part of the ocean and then introduce non-indigenous species in to other areas when it’s pumped overboard

58
Q

Why are introduced predators a problem

A

Reduce population of native wildlife especially when it’s not adapted to survive in the presence of predators

59
Q

How is the European water vole been impacted by an introduced predator

A

Population reduced due to the American mink That escape from fur farms

60
Q

How are ground nesting birds on many oceanic islands affected by introduced predators

A

Introduction of cats, rats, pigs and dogs which can destroy nests and kill birds

61
Q

How can pathogens be introduced to a new environment

A

Humans made reduce pathogens or might be carried by introduced species

62
Q

How did the grey squirrel introduce a pathogen

A

Brought squirrel pox which does not kill the grey squirrel but it does kill the indigenous red squirrel

63
Q

What is species hybridisation

A

If you introduced species is very close to you related to an indigenous species in crossbreeding may produce fertile hybrids

64
Q

What is an example of hybridisation

A

The red deer which is indigenous to the UK best friend by harmonisation with the introduce sika deer

65
Q

 Whats an example of how a species creates abiotic factors

A

African elephants create Cleveland in water holes that many other species rely on for water

66
Q

What sort of human activities cause habitat destruction

A

Deforestation
Ploughing of grassland
Reservoir creation
Mineral extraction (opencast mining)
Urban expansion

Environmental Science #1 (90 decks)

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