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Environmental Science #1 > Manipulation of species > Flashcards

Manipulation of species Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

the process by which humans use animal breeding/ plant breeding to selectively develop particular traits

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2
Q

what are some examples of traits that might be favourable for selective breeding?

A

the Limousin cow has high muscle growth efficiency so is good for beef
the large white- hardy and produces good quality bacon
merino sheep produce the best quality wool

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3
Q

how will some farmer reduce the effect of inbreeding?

A

cross-breeding

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4
Q

what does inbreeding do?

A

narrows the gene pool making individuals more vulnerable to disease and undesirable traits becoming present

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5
Q

what is cross breeding?

A

involves taking two different breeds and crossing them together b

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6
Q

how can selective and cross breeding be done?

A

through artificial insemination

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7
Q

where is an example of cross breeding?

A

Jamaica milk industry

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8
Q

what did Jamaica cross breed?

A

the zebu cattle and the Ayrshire cattle

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9
Q

why were the ayrshire and zebu crossed?

A

zebu are good at tolerating heat and are hardy
the ayrshire are high milk producers but are not good in heat

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10
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

when there is only one parent

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11
Q

what are the characteritics of asexual reproduction?

A

the parent and ‘daughter’ are effectively identical as the offspring is a direct descendant of the single parent

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12
Q

what plants naturally produce asexually?

A

strawberries
banana plants

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13
Q

how can farmers artificially cause asexual reproduction?

A

taking cuttings of the best producing varieties

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14
Q

how does artificial asexual reproduction improve efficiency of farming?

A

desirable characteristics almost certain ad the survival rate is good

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15
Q

whata re the negatives of artificial asexual reproduction?

A

causes narrowing of the gene pool and can cause widespread disease within a crop if they don’t have disease tolerance

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16
Q

what is asexual reproduction in animals called?

A

cloning

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17
Q

is cloning done commercially?

A

no still in research phase

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18
Q

what will cloning allow for?

A

valuable animals to be replaced
allows us to replicate the characteristics of the ‘perfect’ farm animal without using the ‘perfect mother,

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19
Q

what is transgenics?

A

genetic engineering

20
Q

what is genetic engineering?

A

involves extracting DNA from another organism’s genome and combining it with the DNA of that individual

21
Q

when is genetic engineering used?

A

used by scientists to enhance or modify the characteristics of an individual organism

22
Q

what are some examples of genetic engineering?

A

roundup ready soya
golden rice
BT maize

23
Q

what is roundup ready soya?

A

soya that isnt affected by the roundup herbicide
meaning it can be used to kill weeds in a field without risking killing the crop

24
Q

what is golden rice?

A

rice with additional nutritional value
added vitamin A due to deficiencies

25
Q

what is BT maize?

A

genetically engineered to kill larvae that try to eat the crop
Endospore bacteria toxin

26
Q

what are the advantages of GM?

A

More nutritious food.
Tastier food.
Disease- and drought-resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources (such as water and fertilizer)
Less use of pesticides.
Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life.
Faster growing plants and animals.

27
Q

what are the disadvantages of GM?

A

They might contribute to a rise in allergic reactions.
Genetic food can prompt allergic reactions from different foods.
GMOs may contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Some research has linked GMOs to cancer.
Very few companies are in charge of all the GMO seed market

28
Q

what does increasing crop population density do?

A

can increase total yield although yield per individual may be reduced due to inter-species competition
can increase the rick of the rapid spread of disease

29
Q

what is a monoculture?

A

a monoculture involves cultivating a single species, often over a lrge area

30
Q

what is benefit of monoculture?

A

can make cultivation easier by allowing the use of larger machinery

31
Q

what are the negatives of monocultures?

A

pests and diseases can spread rapidly if they colonise the field

32
Q

what is the benfit of hedgerow removal?

A

create larger fields

33
Q

what is the problme with removing hedgerows and other habitats?

A

can increase pest damage as natural predator habitats are lost

34
Q

what was added to roundup ready soya?

A

a strain of bacterium Agrobacterium is resisant to the herbicide glyphophate

35
Q

what was added to make BT crops (maize)?

A

bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis which naturally produces a toxin that kills insects

36
Q

why was vitamin A added to rice?

A

as vitamin A deficiencies causes about 500,000 new cases of blindness each year especially in India and sub-saharan africa

37
Q

what are the benefits of increasing optimum livestock/ crop density?

A

increase total yield

38
Q

what are the negatives of increasing optimum livestock/ crop density?

A

yield per individual may be reduced due to inter-species competition
increased risk of rapid spread of disease

39
Q

what are the benefits of asexual reproduction in plants?

A

offspring are genetically identical to parent plant so characteristics are predictable
survival rate is high

40
Q

what is the method for asexual reproduction in animals? (cloning method)

A

cells removed from donor and grown in culture
egg removed from a female
nucleus egg removed and replaced by nucleus from donor cells
egg implanted in surrogate female, develops normal pregnancy

41
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

the combination of genes from 2 parents characteristics cannot be predicted

42
Q

what is artificial insemination? (AI)

A

semen collected from male with desirable characteristics used to impregnate females

43
Q

what is the positive of AI?

A

many more young produced then natural mating
frozen semen more easily transported
frozen samples can be stored to produce offspring after male is dead

44
Q

What is the process for embryo transfer?

A

hormone FSH stimulate ovulation (many eggs released)
eggs washed from uterus and collected
eggs fertilised with sperm from male with desirable characteristics
each fertilised embryo implanted in surrogate female

45
Q

What is the positive of embryo transfer?

A

donor female can produce multiple embryos more frequently then offspring from normal pregnancies

46
Q

what does increasing population density do?

A

can increae toal yield although yield per individual may be reduced due to inter species competition
can increase the rick of the rapid spread of disease

Environmental Science #1 (90 decks)

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