Thorax And Mediastiunum Flashcards
Post aspiration, lung abscesses are common in
Posterior part of the upper lobe of the right lung
Superior part of the lower lobe of the right lung 
Which score is used to assess the morbidity and mortality after thoracic surgery
Thoraco score
What is the rule of thumb?
If patient has first episode of spontaneous pneumothorax, there is 1/3rd chance of recurrence,
second episode 50% will develop pneumothorax 
third episode 100% will develop pneumothorax
What is the surgical option in pneumothorax?
VATS
What is pleurodesis?
A medical procedure, that uses chemicals or drugs to cause inflammation and adhesion between the layers of pleura
 this prevents the buildup of fluid in the pleural cavity

What are the three phases of empyema?
Exudative phase
Fibropurulent phase
organized phase -surgical intervention VATS> open
Maximum cancer related mortality in both males and females are seen in
Lung cancer
Describe features of SVC syndrome due to lung cancer
Facial and cerebral edema, hypertension, restlessness
Management of small cell lung cancer
Chemotherapy
Management of non-small cell lung cancer
, radiotherapy TOC and steroids
HPE of lung cancer 
Azzopardi effect and salt and pepper chromatin
What are the Immunohisto chemical marker of lung cancer
NCAM & Chromogranin
MC cancer associated with smoking is
Squamous cell carcinoma
MC cancer gives rise to Pancoast tumor
SCC of lung
Symptoms of horner’s syndrome
Ptosis , Miosis , anhidrosis , enophthalnus
HPE Of horner syndrome
keratin perls
Immunohistochemistry of horner’s syndrome
Cytokeratin peals
P40 (new marker )
Marker of adenocarcinoma of lung is
Napsin4
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma k/a adenocarcinoma in situ is
Lepidic Pattern of growth (grows along bronchoalveolar lining) —> multifocal And can involve other lung .
What are 3 types bronchoalveolar carcinoma k/a adenocarcinoma in situ
Lepidic pattern of growth (grows along bronchoalveolar lining) — multifocal and can involve other lung. Non metastatic — resectsble
In bronchoplastic resection which resection is done
Sleeve
MC done thoracotomy is
Posterolateral thoracotomy
MC benign tumor of lung
Hamartoma
X ray identification of hamartoma includes
Coin shaped/ popcorn calcification
MC overall mediastinal tumor
Thymoma( ant mediastinum)
Which staging system is used for thymoma
Masaoka staging system
Which lymphoma most commonly seen in anterior mediastinum
Terrible lymphoma
MC middle mediastinal mass
Pericardial cyst
MC posterior mediastinal mass ; MC mediastinal mass seen in children is
Neurogenic tumor
MC site for extra gonadal GCT is
Anterior Mediastinum
Which markers elevated in malignant GCT
αFP , βHCG , LDH
Massive hemoptysis is defined as expectoration of more than how much ml blood in 24 hours
600 ml
Coronary graft is most commonly taken from
Saphenous vein
Exception ; for LAD artery , LIMA graft is used
Post surgery, which are the two predictors for dyspnea following lung surgery
FEVI (forced expiratory volume in one second) 
DIFFUSION CAPACITY
Which kind of pneumothorax is well-tolerated
Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
Management of pneumothorax in asymptomatic patient
It is a self limiting condition
What to do if symptomatic patient is present with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Aspiration of the pneumothorax
Management of a patient presents with secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
Aspiration, if condition does not improve Chester tube insertion in the triangle of safety
Boundaries of the triangle of safety
Anteriorly ; anterior axillary fold formed by the pectoralis major
posteriorly ; posterior axillary fold formed by the latissimus dorsi
base ; fifth intercostal space
apex ; is present in axilla
Small cell lung cancer is also known as
Oat cell
CF off SVC syndrome
Facial and cerebral edema, hypertension and breathlessness is also seen
In non-small cell lung cancer there is released off
PTH, related peptide, leading to hypercalcemia of malignancy 
Which tumor is radiosensitive
SCC
What is the most common feature of lung cancer?
Cough
Most common cancer, which metastasizes to the brain
Lung cancer
SCC responds well to……& small cell lung cancer respond well to
SCC ; Radiotherapy
Small cell lung cancer; Chemotherapy
Pathology of superior mediastinum
 Lymphoma
parasternal, goiter
parathyroid adenomas
Pathology of anterior mediastinum
Thymoma : MC mediastinal tumor
Lymphoma
Mediastinal germ cell tumor like teratoma
Pathology of middle mediastinum
It is the most common site of lymphoma in the mediastinum
Cystic lesion (mc) ; pericardial cyst(mc)
Lymphomas
Mesenchymal tumors
Pathology of posterior mediastinum
Neurogenic tumors (most common in posterior mediastinum)are the most common mediastinum tumor in children
cystic lesion
Thymoma associated with which disease
Myasthenia gravis
Which surgery help in myasthenia gravis patient disease control
Thymectomy
Thymectomy is performed by which route
Small lesion transcervical route
large lesion, thoracotomy route
What is sequestration of the lung tissue?
A portion of language receives its blood supply from an aberrant blood vessel arising from the thoracic aorta
Features of intralobar sequestration
Left = right
Most common in lower lobe
Blood supply ; descending aorta
Extralobar sequestration
Left >right
Most common tumor of middle mediastinum
Lymphoma
Lymphoma mice commonly occurs in
Anterior mediastinum
Most common Mass of middle mediastinum
Pericardial cyst
