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Anatomy Exam 2 > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What does the rib (thoracic) cage consist of?

A

thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilage, sternum, and the intercostal space

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2
Q

Ribs are classified as what type of bones?

A

flat bones

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3
Q

What are the three types of ribs?

What are their rib numbers?

A

True Ribs

  • Ribs 1-7
  • attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage

False Indirectly Attached Ribs

  • Ribs 8-10
  • Attach indirectly via costal cartilage to cartilage of the rib above (Rib 7)

False Floating Ribs

  • 11-12
  • Do not connect to sternum, instead, connect to posterior abdominal wall
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4
Q

Our true ribs (except 7) are also known as our _____ _________ and act to ______ the rib cage.

A
  • pump handle

- lift

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5
Q

Ribs 7-12 are considered our ______ ________.

A

bucket handle

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6
Q

Function of the pump handle?

Function of the bucket handle?

A
  • Lifts sternum, extend anterior to posterior to increase thoracic cavity
  • Expand laterally

-End game is inhalation (3L)

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7
Q

Difference between head ribs 2-9 and ribs 1,10,11, and 12?

A
  • Ribs 2-9 have superior and inferior articular facets to allow for 2 articulations with vertebral body above and below
  • Ribs 1, and 10-12 only have 1 facet
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8
Q

What is the crest of the rib?

A

The projection between the articular facets

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9
Q

The rib consists of:

A
  • Head
  • Neck
  • Tubercle
    • articular facet for transverse process of vertebrae below
  • body
    • angle: curved medially
    • costal groove: intercostal blood vessels, nerve and muscles
  • cup: for the costal cartilage to form costochondral joint except for false ribs 11 and 12
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10
Q

THORACIC VERTEBRAE REVIEW

A

THORACIC VERTEBRAE REVIEW

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11
Q

Body of the thoracic vertebrae
T_-T_ have __________ _________ on the superor and inferior surfaces (4 total) to articulate with 2 pairs of ribs (one above and one below) which bridge the articular disk.

T1, and T10-T12 have paired ____ ________ to articulate with a single pair of ribs (no interaction with disk)

A
  • T2-T9
  • bilateral demifacet

-whole facets

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12
Q

What makes up the vertebral arch?

A
  • Paired pedicles

- Paired laminae

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13
Q

What are the seven processes of the thoracic vertebrae?

A
  1. ) Unpaired spinous process- slope inferior to cover gap between adjacent vertebrae
  2. ) Paired superior articular processes- face posterior in coronal plane with a slight medial tilt so the pair form an arch of rotation
  3. ) Paired inferior articular processes- face anterior in coronal plane with a slight medial tilt so the pair form an arch of rotation
    - —-The plane of the articular processes allows thoracic vertebrae to rotate and ab/adduct, but not flex/extend
  4. ) Paired transverse processes- articular
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14
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the manubrium?

A

-Jugular notch
-Clavicular notch- sternoclavicular joints (synovial saddle with disk between
Point of articulation with rib 1- amphi or syn

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16
Q

The body has costal notches of ribs -.

A

2-7

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17
Q

The xiphoid has costal notch of rib _

What is different about the xiphoid?

A

7

It is the last bone to ossify

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18
Q

What are the 2 joints of the rib called?

A
  • Costovertebral

- Sternocostal

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19
Q

The costovertebral joint has how many articulations?

A

3 articulations of ribs 2-9

  • 2 articulations are the superior and inferior demifacets of the vertebrae to form a condyloid joint with a vertebral disk between them
  • last is the costotransverse joint (1 per rib)
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20
Q

The joints of the head attach ________ to _______.

A

ribs to vertebral bodies

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21
Q

Although the joint types appear to be condyloid they are actually ________.

A

Planar (gliding)

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22
Q

What are the ligaments of the head of the ribs?

A
  • Intra-articular ligaments- from crest of head to intervertebral disc (limits rotation)
  • Radiate ligament- anterior capsule thickening
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23
Q

Head only moves slightly in rotation, but slight movement of head can mean appreciable movement at _________

A

sternal end of rib

24
Q

The costotransverse joint has how many articulations per rib?
Where does this articulation occur?

A

1

-Occurs at the transverse process of vertebrae with the rib above

25
Q

What is the joint type of the costotransverse joint?

A
  • Planar
    a. )ribs 1-6 slightly convex (rib) with slightly concave (transverse process)
    • this allows rotation= pump handle
      b. )ribs 7-10 are flat planar
    • allow gliding=bucket handle
26
Q

Ribs 1-6 have a _____ on ______. When action occurs elevation increases _________ volume ________ to ________.

A
  • Convex on Concave

- Thoracic volume anterior to posterior

27
Q

Ribs 7-10 act on ________ ____ ____ increasing volume _________.

A
  • Lateral body wall

- laterally

28
Q

What are the ligaments of the costotransverse joints?

A

Lateral costotransverse ligament:

  • goes from vert. transverse process to adjacent rib
  • prevents lateral seperation

Superior costotransverse ligament:

  • goes from vert. transverse process to rib below
  • prevents inferior seperation
29
Q

What are the movements of the costotransverse joints called?

A

Pump handle and bucket handle

  • T1-6 rotate at costotransverse joint to elevate/depress sternum.
  • T7-10 glide at costotransverse to elevate/depress the lateral rib cage
30
Q

Sternocostal joint articulations

  • Rib 1 directly attaches to the sternum in a _______.
  • Ribs 2-10 are attached to sternum by ______________ either directly (Ribs -) or indirectly (Ribs -)
A

-synchondrosis

  • costal cartilage
    • Ribs 2-7
    • Ribs 8-10
31
Q

What ligament is known as the bone fuzz?

A

Radiate costosternal ligament

32
Q

What are the borders of the superior rib (thoracic) aperture?
What are the border of the inferior rib (thoracic) aperture?

A

Superior

  • posterior- T1 body
  • lateral- rib 1
  • anterior- manubrium

Inferior

  • posterior- T12 body
  • lateral posterior- 11 and 12 ribs
  • lateral anterior- costal cartilage ribs 7-10
  • anterior- xiphosternal joint
33
Q

What is the inferior aperture covered by?

A

Respiratory diaphragm

34
Q

What are the contents of the superior rib (thoracic) aperture?
What are the contents of the inferior rib (thoracic) aperture?

A

Superior

  • Esophagus
  • Trachea
  • Nerves: Vagus, sympathetic trunks, cervical plexus
  • Blood vessels: carotid, subclavian, vertebral, jugular

Inferior

  • Esophagus
  • Nerves: Vagus, sympathetic chain
  • blood vessels: IVC, descending aorta
  • internal thoracic arteries which are renamed to superior epigastric once they pass the diaphragm
35
Q

The thoracic cavity is thin walled and articulated for _______ and ______

A

flexibility- not much ROM at each individual articulation but enough to give when impacted
-breathing- ribs tilt up and down

36
Q

The thoracic cavity is divided into what 3 subdivisions?

A
  • R pleural cavity
  • L pleural cavity
  • mediastinum
    • pericardial cavity
    • esophagus
    • trachea
    • great vessels
    • nerves
37
Q

What are all the muscles of the thoracic cavity?

A

-Serratus posterior superior
-Serratus posterior inferior
-Levator costarum
-External intercostals
-Internal intercostals
-Innermost intercostals
-Subcostal
Transversus thoracis

38
Q 
Serratus Posterior Superior
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- spinous process C7-T3
Insertion- Ribs 2-5
Innervation- intercostal n. / ventral rami
Action- proprioception for respiration control

39
Q 
Serratus Posterior Inferior
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- T11-L2
Insertion- Ribs 9-12
Innervation- intercostal n. / ventral rami
Action- proprioception for respiratory control

40
Q 
Levator costarum
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- C7-T11 transverse process
Insertion- rib below
Innervation- dorsal rami
Action- elevate rib for inspiration

41
Q 
External Intercostals
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- superior rib
Insertion- inferior rib
Innervation- intercostal n. / ventral rami
Action- elevate ribs for inspiration

42
Q 
Internal Intercostals
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- inferior rib
Insertion- superior rib
Innervation- intercostal n. / ventral rami
Action- depress ribs for expiration

43
Q 
Innermost Intercostals
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- inferior rib
Insertion- superior rib
Innervation- intercostal n.
Action- depress ribs for expiration

44
Q

What muscles stick out at the sternum?

A

Internal intercostals

45
Q 
Subcostal
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- inferior rib
Insertion- superior rib 2 or 3 above
Innervation- intercostal n.
Action- depress rib for expiration

46
Q 
Transversus Thoracis
Origin?
Insertion?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Origin- sternum
Insertion- costal cartilage
Innervation- intercostal n.
Action- proprioception for respiratory control

47
Q

External intercostals are hand in _____ pockets

Internal intercostals are hands in ____ pockets

A

front

back

48
Q

Nerves involved with the muscles of the thoracic cavity.

A

a. ) ventral rami T1-11 = intercostal nerves = sup and inf collateral branches = lateral and anterior cutaneous
b. ) ventral rami T12 = subcostal nerve
c. ) dermatomes = peripheral nerve sensory area correlate with spinal cord level
d. ) T1 superior collateral contributes to brachial plexus
e. ) sympathetic chain ganglia
- connected to the ventral rami by rami communicantes
- located on either side of vertebral bodies forming thoracic vertebral column

49
Q

What is important about the dermatomes?

A

There is a frameshift from anterior to posterior.

  • Umbilicus = T10 anteriorly, L3 posteriorly
  • Nipple = T5 anteriorly, T8 posteriorly
50
Q

Blood and lymph vessels of the thoracic wall?

A

a. ) anterior and anterior/lateral wall: right and left subclavian arteries → internal thoracic artery → anterior intercostal arteries (ant and lat intercostal spaces of ribs 1-10)
b. ) posterior and posterior/lateral wall: descending thoracic aorta → paired posterior intercostal arteries (post and post/lat intercostal spaces of ribs 4-11)
c. ) veins follow arteries and are named for the arteries they follow
- anterior intercostal veins → internal thoracic veins→ brachiocephalic veins
- posterior intercostal veins → hemi/azygous system → SVC
d. ) lymph vessels
- lymph flow
- right lymphatic duct- drains right side of head, arms, and thorax
- thoracic duct- drains left side of head, arms and thorax. Also drains entire abdomen, pelvis, legs

51
Q

What is the intercostal space borders?

A

Superior and Inferior rib

52
Q

What are the contents of the intercostal space?

A 
Muscles:
-external intercostals
-internal intercostals
-innermost intercostals
-subcostals (cross 2 intervertebral spaces)
Blood Vessels:
-intercostal artery
-intercostal vein
Nerves:
-intercostal nerves / ventral rami (mixed motor/sensory)

Arranged superior to inferior:
Vein→Artery→Nerve

53
Q

The mammary glands are _______ in females and __________ males

A

Developed

Underdeveloped

54
Q

Mammary glands structure:

A
  1. ) glandular tissue- 15-20 lobules of modified sweat glands
  2. ) lactiferous ducts/sinus- connect glandular tissue to skin surface at nipple
  3. ) nipple- concentration of lactiferous duct openings w/ smooth muscle
  4. ) areola- pigmented skin around nipple contains sebaceous (oil) glands
  5. ) fat- determine size of breast
  6. ) retro-mammary space- allows movement
  7. ) pectoralis fascia- base of support
  8. ) suspensory (Cooper’s) ligaments- connect breast structures to pectoralis fascia
55
Q

Mammary glands blood flow:

A

Arteries
a.) anterior intercostal → medial mammary branches
b.) axillary a. → lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial → lateral breast
c.) posterior intercostals → deep structures
Veins
-axillary, axygous, and internal thoracic veins

56
Q

Mammary glands lymph:

A

a. ) lymph drains from periphery to the center of the breast
b. ) from the center of the breast lymph drains to:
- axillary nodes
- parasternal nodes
- abdominal nodes
c. ) from the nodes lymph is returned to venous system
- right side = right lymphatic duct into brachiocephalic vein
- left side = thoracic duct into left subclavian vein

57
Q

What is lymph obstruction related to?

A

Edema

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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