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Anatomy Exam 2 > Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 surfaces of the abdominal cavity?

A
  1. ) Superior- diaphragm which is domed to the 4th intercostal space
  2. ) Inferior- superior pelvic aperture (pelvic inlet)
  3. ) Anterolateral- muscular wall
  4. ) Posterior- lumbar vertebrae
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2
Q

Layers of the peritonium?

A
  • Parietal peritoneum- serous membrane lining cavity
  • Visceral peritoneum- serous membrane lining abdominal organs
  • Peritoneal cavity- fluid filled space
  • Mesentery- continuation of visceral and parietal peritoneum that attaches intestine to body wall
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3
Q

What is the retroperitoneal?

A 
Organs located posterior to the peritoneum
Includes:
-Kidney
-Pancreas
-Duodenum
-Colon
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4
Q

What is the transumbilical plane?

A

Goes through the umbilicus and L3/4; divides the cavity into superior and inferior halves

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5
Q

What is the median plane?

A

Divides cavity into L and R

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6
Q

What are the quadrants and what are in each quadrant?

A 
RUQ:
-Liver, gallbladder
RLQ:
-Appendix, cecum
LUQ:
-Stomach, spleen
LLQ:
-Sigmoid Colon
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7
Q

What are the peripheral attachments of the respiratory diaphragm?

A
  1. ) anterior: xiphoid process
  2. ) lateral: costal cartilage and ribs 5-10
  3. ) posterior: L1-3 lumbar vertebrae and floating ribs
    - right and left crus
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8
Q

What is the deep attachment of the diaphragm?

A

central tendon

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9
Q

What are the major organs superior to the diaphragm?

A
  • Pericardium (heart) attached to central tendon

- R and L pleura (lungs)

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10
Q

What organs are inferior to the diaphragm?

A
  • Liver (anterior right side)
  • Stomach and Spleen (anterior left side)
  • Kidneys (posterior)
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11
Q

What muscles pass through the diaphragm?

A
  • paired psoas major under medial arcuate ligaments

- paired quadrates lumborum under lateral arcuate ligaments (rib to hip)

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12
Q

Blood and Lymph vessels passing through the diaphragm

A 
Descending aorta:
-via aortic hiatus formed by left and right crus
Inferior vena cava:
-via caval opening in central tendon
Superior epigastric a. and v. :
-via sternocostal triangle
Azygous and hemiazygous veins:
-via aortic hiatus
Thoracic duct: (junction between L jugular and subclavian)
-via aortic hiatus
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13
Q

Does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

Yes, through the esophageal hiatus

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14
Q

Nerves passing across the diaphragm

A
  • sympathetic trunks at level of vertebral column

- anterior and posterior vagi via esophageal hiatus

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve

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16
Q

Vasculature of the diaphragm

A
  1. ) Superior surface
    - thoracic aorta→ superior phrenic a.’s
    - internal thoracic→ musculophrenic and pericardiophrenic a.’s
    - veins named for arteries drain into IVC and internal thoracic
  2. )Inferior surface
    - abdominal aorta→ inferior phrenic a.’s
    - veins named for arteries drain into IVC
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17
Q

Actions of the diaphragm

A
  1. inhale when it contracts

2. exhale when it relaxes

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18
Q

Anteriolateral muscular wall layers

superficial to deep

A
  1. skin
  2. subcutaneous layer= hypodermis: fat layer held together by CT fibers
    - camper fascia- superficial layer of CT below naval
    - scarpa fascia- deep layer of CT below naval
  3. muscles and aponeurosis
  4. deep fascia of transverse abdominis
  5. extraperitoneal fat
  6. parietal peritoneum
19
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis

20
Q 
External Oblique:
Origin-
Insertion-
Innervation-
Action-
A

Origin- ribs 5-12
Insertion-rectus sheath
Innervation-spinal nerves T7-12 (ventral rami)
Action-
-Bilateral- flex at trunk
-Unilateral- ab/adduct; rotate
-Respiration- pull rib cage down and compress abdomen to exhale

21
Q 
Internal Oblique:
Origin-
Insertion-
Innervation-
Action-
A

Origin- vertebral column via thoracolumbar fascia; hips
Insertion- lower ribs; rectus sheath
Innervation- T6-12 (ventral rami)
Action-
-Bilateral- flex at trunk
-Unilateral- ab/adduct; rotate
-Respiration- pull rib cage down & compress abdomen to exhale

22
Q 
Transverse abdominis
Origin-
Insertion-
Innervation-
Action-
A 
Origin- lower ribs; vertebral column via thoracolumbar fascia; hips
Insertion- rectus sheath
Innervation T7-12 (ventral rami)
Action-
Unilateral- ab/adduct; rotate
Respiration- compress abdomen to exhale
23
Q 
Rectus abdominis
Origin-
Insertion-
Innervation-
Action-
A 
Origin- pubic symphysis
Insertion- lower ribs; xiphoid
Innervation- T6-12 (ventral rami)
Action-
Bilateral- flex at trunk
Respiration- pull rib cage down & compress abdomen to exhale
24
Q

Function to regulate abdominal pressure

A
  1. contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure
    - forced exhale
    - defecation
    - micturition
    - vomiting
    - parturition
    - stabilize vertebral column for heavy lifting
  2. relax in decrease intra-abdominal pressure when inhale
25
Q

What does the rectus sheath surround and what forms it?

A

Surrounds rectus abdominis and superior and inferior epigastric blood vessels

Formed by aponeuroses of lateral wall muscles: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis

26
Q

The rectus sheath is divided into what components?

A

Superior Sheath components:

  • anterior formed from external oblique and anterior internal oblique aponeurosis
  • posterior formed from posterior internal oblique and transverse abdominis aponeurosis

Inferior Sheath components:

  • anterior formed from external oblique, internal oblique, and transverses aponeurosis
  • posterior- no aponeurosis
27
Q

What line seperates the sheath compartments and where is it located?

A

arcuate line, located below umbilicus 1/3 of distance to pelvis

28
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

Connective tissue strip running down the mid line, connecting the 2 halves of the rectus /rectal sheath

29
Q

Sensory innervation (dermatomes)

A
  1. ) above umbilicus - T7-T9
  2. ) umbilicus - T10
  3. ) below umbilicus - T11-L1
30
Q

Sensory innervation (nerves) of the anteriolateral abdominal wall

A
  1. ) thoracoabdominal m.’s
  2. ) lateral cutaneous branches of intercostals n.’s
  3. ) Subcostal n.
  4. ) Iliohypogastric n.
  5. )Ilioinguinal n.
31
Q

Blood vessels of the anteriolateral wall

A
  1. ) internal thoracic arteries
    - musculophrenic→ anterolateral diaphragm and abdominal wall near diaphragm
    - superior epigastric→ anterior abdominal wall
  2. ) descending abdominal aorta
    - lower intercostals a.’s→ lateral superior abdominal wall
    - subcostal a
  3. ) external iliac a.’s
    - inferior epigastric→ anterior inferoir abdominal wall
    - deep circumflex→ inguinal region
  4. ) femoral a.’s
    - superior circumflex→ inguinal region
    - superficial epigastric
32
Q

The inguinal region is also known as the what?

A

groin

33
Q

What is the location of the inguinal region?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine (attachment of ilioinguinal ligament) to pubic tubercle at pubic symphysis

34
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

Tubular passage about 4cm long, through the inferior anterior abdominal wall

35
Q

Inguinal canal crosses:

A
  • peritoneum
  • retroinguinal space of Bogros
  • transversalis fascia forms covering of the canal contents
  • transversus abdominal muscle
  • internal oblique
  • external oblique
36
Q

What are the contents of the inguinal canal?

A 
Males= spermatic cord
Females= round ligament
37
Q

What is the deep internal inguinal ring?

What goes through this ring?

A
  • Forms an opening in the peritoneum and transversalis

- Spermatic cord or round ligament in females

38
Q

Anterior and posterior walls:

A

roof and floor of the inguinal canal are formed by the layers that the tube crosses

39
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring?

What goes through this ring?

A
  • Forms the openings in the external oblique aponeurosis into the subcutaneous tissue of the medial pelvis
  • Ilioinguinal n., genitofemoral n., spermatic cord or round ligament in females
40
Q

What does the inguinal canal run parallel to?

A
  • inguinal ligament

- iliopubic tract

41
Q

What does the posterior abdominal wall consist of?

A
  1. ) 5 lumbar vertebrae
  2. )abdominal wall and leg muscles
    - psoas major and minor
    - quadratus lumborum
    - iliacus
    - transversus abdominis
    - in/external obliques
  3. )respiratory diaphragm
  4. )thoracolumbar fascia
  5. )lumbar nerve plexus
  6. )fat muscles, vessels, and lymph nodes
  7. )fascia
  8. )peritoneum
42
Q

Blood vessels of the post abdominal wall?

A
  1. ) abdominal aorta parietal branches
    - subcostal a.
    - lumbar a.’s
    - median sacral a. (unpaired)
  2. )inferior vena cava- recieves blood from veins named for posterior abdominal wall arteries
  3. ) azygous and hemiazygous veins- also drain lumbar and subcostal veins
43
Q

Nerves of post abdominal wall

A
  • subcostal nerves
  • lumbar plexus nerves (L1-5)
  • sympathetic trunks

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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