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Anatomy Exam 2 > Neck: muscles, nerves, blood vessels, organs and spaces > Flashcards

Neck: muscles, nerves, blood vessels, organs and spaces Flashcards

1
Q

The hyoid bone is located between the ______ and _______. It does not _______ with any other bone.

A
  • Mandible
  • Larynx
  • Does not articulate with any other bone
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2
Q

What are the two functions of the hyoid bone?

A
  • Attachment for neck muscles

- Attached to larynx via thyrohyoid membrane to move larynx in swallowing and speaking

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3
Q

What attaches the hyoid bone to the larynx?

A

thyrohyoid membrane- to move larynx in swallowing and speaking

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4
Q

Landmarks of the hyoid are?

A
  • Body
  • Lesser horns
  • Greater horns
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5
Q

What is located in the superficial cervical fossa (hypodermis)?

A

Cutaneous nerves, blood vessels, lymph, fat, and platysma muscle.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the platysma muscle?

A

tightens skin and synergizes with lateral pterygoid to depress the jaw

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7
Q

What are the three layers of the deep cervical fascia?

Superficial, Middle, Deep

A

Investing Layer, Pretracheal Layer, Prevertebral Layer

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8
Q

What is the superior attachment of the investing layer?
What is the inferior attachment of the investing layer?
What are the walls of the investing layer?

A
  • Superior- Skull, hyoid
  • Inferior- pectoral girdle, rib cage
  • Walls- deep fascia of traps, SCM, nuchal ligaments
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9
Q

What does the pretracheal layer enclose?

A
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thyroid Glands
  • Infrahyoid Muscles
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10
Q

What does prevertebral layer include?

A

-forms a CT tube around cervical vertebrae column and muscles attached to cervical vertebral column:

  • longus colli
  • longus capitis
  • scalenes
  • posterior deep cervical muscles
  • also has sympathetic chain ganglia
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11
Q

Where does the prevertebral run to and from?

A

Skull to thorax

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12
Q

What is inside the carotid sheath?

A

Carotid arteries, jugular veins, vagus nerves, and lymphatics

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13
Q

What is the retropharyngeal space?

A
  • Area located between the pretracheal and prevertebral layer
  • Allows organs in pretracheal fascia to slide over the prevertebral compartment during flexion and extension
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14
Q

The ____________ interconnects the carotid sheaths and subdivides the ___________________.

A

Alar fascia

Retropharyngeal space

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15
Q

What are superficial muscles of the neck?

A
  • Platysma
  • Trapezius
  • Sternocleidomastoid
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16
Q 
Platysma
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- Inferior border of mandible
Inferior- Pectoralis fascia
Innervation- Cervical branch
Action- tightens skin and acts with the lateral pterygoid muscle to depress the jaw

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17
Q 
Sternocleidomastoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- Mastoid process
Inferior- Manubrium and clavicle
Innervation- Accessory nerve
Action- Flexes, Extends, Ab/adduct, rotation

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18
Q 
Trapezius
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- external occipital protuberance to bottom of thoracic vertebrae
Inferior- lateral clavicle and spine of scapula
Innervation- accessory nerve (CN11)
Action- elevate, depress, retract, rotate to depress

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19
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Stylohyoid
  • Digastric
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20
Q 
Mylohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- mandible and rapha
Inferior- body of hyoid bone
Innervation- C5
Action- elevation of larynx

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21
Q 
Geniohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- mandible, chin
Inferior- hyoid
Innervation- C1-4 (cervical plexus)
Action- elevation of larynx

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22
Q 
Stylohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- temporal bone styloid process
Inferior- hyoid bone
Innervation- CN7 (facial nerve)
Action- elevation of larynx

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23
Q 
Digastric
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- mandible to hyoid sling
Inferior- hyoid sling to mastoid
Innervation- CN5 (anterior belly), CN7 (posterior belly)
Action- elevation of larynx

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24
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
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25
Q 
Sternohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- sternum
Inferior- hyoid bone
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- depress the larynx

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26
Q 
Sternothyroid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- thyroid cartilage
Inferior- sternum
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- depress the larynx

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27
Q 
Omohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- hyoid to clavicular sling
Inferior-clavicular sling to scapula
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- depress the larynx

-connected at sling by intermediate tendon

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28
Q 
Thyrohyoid
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- hyoid bone
Inferior- thyroid cartilage
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- depression of larynx

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29
Q

What are the deep muscles of the neck?

A
  • Longus colli (superior and inferior)
  • Longus capitis
  • Rectus capitis anterior
  • Rectus capitis lateralis
  • Scalenes (ant, middle, post)
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30
Q 
Longus colli
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- body of upper to transverse process of middle to body of lower cervical vertebrae
Inferior-“
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- flex, ab/adduction, rotation

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31
Q 
Longus capitis
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- occipital
Inferior- transverse processes of middle vertebrae
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- flex, ab/adduction, rotation

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32
Q 
Rectus capitis anterior
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- Occipital
Inferior-anterior C1
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- flex, ab/adduction, rotation

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33
Q 
Rectus capitis lateralis
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- occipital
Inferior- transverse process of C1
Innervation- cervical plexus
Action- proprioception

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34
Q 
Scalenes (ant, middle, post)
Superior Attachment?
Inferior Attachment?
Innervation?
Action?
A

Superior- All attach at transverse processes of middle cervical vertebrae
Inferior- Anterior and Middle (Rib 1), Posterior (Rib 2)
Innervation cervical plexus
Action- flex, ab/adduction, rotation, lift rib cage for inspiration

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35
Q

What are the 2 main artery branches at the neck?

A

Carotid Artery

Subclavian Artery

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36
Q

The common carotid splits at the ___________.

The internal carotid goes to the _______ and the external carotid goes to _________

A
  • Splits at carotid bifurcation
  • Internal goes to brain and circle of Willis
  • External goes to superficial head structures
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37
Q

What does the carotid sinus do?

What does the carotid body do?

A
  • Sinus- baroreceptor (BP)

- Body- chemoreceptor (CO2 levels)

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38
Q

The external carotid provides blood to the ________ and ________.

A

upper neck and surface of head

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39
Q

The subclavian artery branches off to what portions?

A
  • Vertebral artery
  • Thyrocervical trunk
  • Costocervical trunk
  • Internal thoracic artery
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40
Q

What is the path of the vertebral artery?

A
  • Comes off subclavian
  • Goes through transverse foramen
  • Goes through foramen magnum
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41
Q

The thyrocervical trunk feeds what structures?

A

Thyroid and cervical structures

-Muscles at base of neck, and scapula

42
Q

The costocervical trunk feeds what structures?

A

Ribs and cervical structures

43
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery go and what does it feed into?

A

Goes to anterior rib cage

-Feeds into superior epigastric

44
Q

Veins of the neck?

A
  • Internal jugular vein
  • External jugular vein
  • Anterior jugular vein
45
Q

The internal jugular vein drains blood from what?

It unites with the subclavian vein to form _______ at the _______ where lymphatic ducts attach.

A
  • Drains blood from brain

- Form brachiocephalic vein at the venous angle

46
Q

What prevents back-flow of blood to the brain?

A

Venous valve

47
Q

The external jugular vein drains what? Where does it feed into?

A
  • Superficial structures of the head

- Feeds into subclavian vein

48
Q

What does the anterior jugular vein feed into?

A

External jugular vein

49
Q

Nerves associated?

A

Cranial Nerves
Cervical Plexus
Brachial Plexus
Sympathetic Trunks

50
Q

Cranial Nerves and their functions?

A

1.) Spinal accessory (CN11)- to trapezius and SCM
2.) Hypoglossal nerve (CN12)- goes to tongue, runs with cervical plexus (ansa cervicalis)
3.)Glossopharyngeal (CN9)- to tongue and pharynx
4.)Vagus nerve (CN10)- to tongue, pharynx, thorax, and abdomen
-right recurrent laryngeal- loops around right
subclavian artery to trachea, esophagus, and muscles of larynx
-left recurrent laryngeal- loops around aortic arch to trachea, esophagus, and muscles of larynx
-cardiac branches- to cardiac plexus of heart
-pharyngeal branches- pharynx

51
Q

Parts of the cervical plexus?

A
  • Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)- goes to omohyoid, sternothyroid, and sternohyoid
  • Phrenic nerves (C3-C5)- 3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive
  • Sensory nerves
    • lesser occipital n. (C2)- cutaneous to posterolateral scalp
    • great auricular n.(C2,3)- cutaneous to lateral scalp (ear) and superior neck
    • transverse cervical n. (C2,3)- cutaneous to anterolateral jaw and neck
    • supraclavicular n. (C3,4)- cutaneous to base of neck and shoulder
52
Q

Brachial plexus consists of what

A

ventral rami C5-T1

53
Q

The sympathetic trunk is how long?

A

From sacrum to base of skull

54
Q

How many ganglia is the sympathetic trunk composed of?

Go in depth on all

A

3 ganglia

  1. )Superior ganglion
    - superior cervical cardiac n. to cardiac plexus
    - arterial branches
    - internal carotid (symp) plexus- symp innervation to brain
  2. )Middle ganglion
    - middle cervical cardiac n. to cardiac plexus
  3. )Inferior ganglion
    - inferior cervical cardiac n. to cardiac plexus
55
Q

4/5ths of the body’s lymph goes through what?

What is the lymph system for?

A

Thoracic duct

Fluid balance

56
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located?

A

Venous angle between internal jugular and subclavian

57
Q

What are the organs of the neck?

A
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
58
Q

Thyroid gland function?

A

Endocrine gland secreting

  • thyroid hormones
  • calcitonin
59
Q

Thyroid gland vasculature?

A
  • superior branches of external carotid a.

- inferior brances of subclavian a.

60
Q

Thyroid gland innervation?

A

cervical sympathetic ganglia

61
Q

Parathyroid location and function?

A
  • 4 on the backside of the thyroid gland

- endocrine gland secreting PTH (increase blood calcium)

62
Q

Parathyroid vasculature and innervation?

A
  • inferior thyroid artery off of the thyrocervical trunk

- cervical sympathetic ganglia

63
Q

Larynx location and function?

A
  • connects pharynx to trachea

- sound production, prevents closure of airway during swallowing

64
Q

The laryngeal skeleton consists of how many cartilage pieces?

A

9 cartilage pieces

65
Q

The thyroid consists of 2 lamina open posteriorly, and fused anteriorly to form what?

A

Laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)

66
Q

The thyroid is connected to the hyoid bone by what?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

67
Q

The thyroid is connected to the cricoid cartilage by what?

A

cricothyroid ligament, muscles, and joint capsule

68
Q

The cricoid cartilage is connected to the trachea by what?

A

cricotracheal ligament

69
Q

The arytenoid cartilage is attached to superior, posterior surface of the cricoid cartilage by what?

A

cricoarytenoid joint

70
Q

The arytenoid is also attached to the ______ which forms the vocal fold

A

vocal ligament

71
Q

What muscles open (abduct) and close (adduct) the vocal fold

A

crico-arytenoid muscles

72
Q

Vocal ligaments = vocal cords extend from midline of thyroid cartilage anterior to aretynoids cartilage posteriorly; connect to the cricoid by the ________ to form _________

A

conus elasticus

vocal folds

73
Q

Epiglottis function?

A

Seal off windpipe while eating

74
Q

What does the glottis consist of?

A

vocal folds and their openings, ie the rima glottis

75
Q

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are all innervated by what?

A

CN10 (Vagus)

76
Q

The arytenoid muscles ab/adduct at the cricoarytenoid joint to ___________

A

open/close the vocal folds

77
Q

Arteries of the larynx?

Veins?

A
  • superior branches from the external carotid a.
  • inferior branches from the subclavian a.

-veins travel with and are names for artery

78
Q

The larynx is innervated by what?

A

CN10 (Vagus) which supplies sensory and motor to the larynx

79
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

-Conduction portion of airway that warms, moistens, and cleans air

80
Q

What is the location and function of the pharynx?

A
  • Located from base of cranium to base of cricoid cartilage

- functions as the common passageway for air and food, swallowing

81
Q

What are the subdivisions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx- from nasal cavity to soft palate
Oropharynx- from soft palate to base of tongue
Laryngeopharynx- from superior epiglottis to esophagus

82
Q

What is unique about the pharynx muscles?

A

They are what pushes food down

83
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx called?
What is their action?
What is their innervation?

A
  1. ) external circular layer
    - superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
    - Action- constrict/squeeze walls of pharynx
    - Innervation- CN10
  2. ) internal longitudinal layer
    - palatopharyngeus
    • Go from palate to pharynx
    • Innervation- CN10
    • Action- elevate/shorten/widen pharynx
      • salpingopharyngeus
    • eustachian tube to pharynx
    • Innervation- CN10
    • Action- elevate/shorten/widen pharynx
      • stylopharyngeus
    • styloid process to pharynx
    • Innervation-CN9 (glossopharyngeal)
84
Q

Arteries and veins of pharynx

A

Artery- branches of external carotid

Pharyngeal venous plexus

85
Q

Innervation of the pharynx?

A

All muscles of pharynx are CN10 except for stylopharyngeus which is CN9

86
Q

Esophagus function?
Blood vessels?
Nerves?

A
  • Passageway for food
  • inferior thyroid artery and veins
  • recurrent laryngeal = vagus, and sympathetic trunk
87
Q

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

A

TRIANGLES OF THE NECK

88
Q

The neck is divided into a ________ and _______ triangle.

A

Posterior and Anterior

89
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  • Anterior= SCM
  • Posterior= Trapezius
  • Inferior= Clavicle
90
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?
Arteries?
Veins?
Nerves?

A

Arteries

  • suprascapular artery in
  • subclavien artery in base of triangle

Veins

  • external jugular vein
  • subclavian vein
  • brachiocephalic vein

Nerves

  • CN11
  • cutaneous nerves of cervical plexus
    • greater auricular n.
    • lesser occipital n.
    • transverse cervical n.
    • supraclavicular n.
  • brachial plexus at base
91
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A
  • anterior= median line of neck
  • posterior= SCM
  • superior= mandible
92
Q

What are the subtriangles of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Submental
  • Submandibular
  • Carotid
  • Muscular
93
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle?

A
  • inferior= body of hyoid
  • right lateral= right anterior belly of digastric
  • left lateral= left anterior belly of digastric
94
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

A

-lymphnodes and small veins

95
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle?

A
  • superior= inferior border of mandible
  • anterior= anterior belly digastric
  • posterior= posterior belly digastric
96
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

A
  • submandibular salivary glands
  • CN12 (out of hypoglossal foramen), CN5 (trigeminal)
  • branches of external carotid to face
    • facial a. and v.
    • submental a.
97
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle?

A
  • superior= posterior belly digastric
  • inferior medial= superior belly omohyoid
  • inferior lateral= SCM
98
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A
  • area to palpate pulse in common carotid artery
  • thyroid
  • blood vessels:
    • common carotid branching into int and ext
    • carotid body
    • branches of external carotid= ascending pharyngeal a., occipital a., facial a., superior thyroid a.
    • internal jugular v. and branches
  • nerves:
    • CN11 (accessory)
    • CN12 (hypoglossal)
    • ansa cervicalis (C1,2,3)
    • CN10 (vagus) with superior laryngeal branch
    • sympathetic plexus
99
Q

What are the borders of the muscular triangle?

A
  • medial= medial plane neck
  • superior lateral= superior belly omohyoid
  • inferior lateral= SCM
100
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle?

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands
  • larynx and trachea
  • veins
    • anterior jugular
    • communicating vein
  • nerve
    • recurrent laryngeal

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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