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Anatomy Exam 2 > Heart & Lungs > Flashcards

Heart & Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the mediastinum located and what structures does it contain?

A

Located between the pleural cavities laterally.

Contains the heart and the pericardium.

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2
Q

What parts of the heart are outside of the pericardium?

A
  • Thymus
  • Veins (R and L brachiocephalic, superior vena cava, azygos veins)
  • Arteries
  • Nerves
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
  • Thoracic Duct
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3
Q

Where is the thymus located and what is it’s purpose?

A

Located above the heart (thoracic inlet)

Develops T-cells for immune function

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4
Q

What do the right and left brachiocephalic veins come from and where do they go?

A

Stem from the superior vena cava

Go on to form the R and L subclavian VEINS

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5
Q

The azygos veins drain blood from the ______ and ______ into the ________.

A

Thorax and Abdomen

Into the Superior Vena Cava

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6
Q

Arteries include the following:

A
  • Aortic arch/ descending aorta/ branches to thoracic structures
  • Pulmonary artery (carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs)
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • Left Carotid
  • Left Subclavian
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7
Q

What branches come off of the aortic arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Left common carotid
  • Left subclavian
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8
Q

The brachiocephalic branches off into what?

A
  • Right common carotid

- Right subclavian

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9
Q

What are the nerves outside the pericardium?

A
  • Vagus and recurrent laryngeal branches- esophageal plexus
  • Phrenic
  • Cardiac plexus
  • Sympathetic chain ganglia
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10
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves (R & L) is a branch of the ______ nerve and has what function?

A
  • Vagus Nerve

- Supplies intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid muscle

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11
Q

What nerves make up the esophageal plexus?

A
  • Branches of vagus nerve

- Branches of sympathetic chain ganglia

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12
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate and what ventral rami does it come from?

A

-Innervates the diaphragm (breathing)

Comes off of rami C3-C5

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13
Q

The cardiac plexus recieves innervation from both ______ and _______.

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic (Vagus)

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14
Q

What is the length of the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

Upper neck down to coccyx

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15
Q

The point where the trachea splits is called what?

A

Carina

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16
Q

T or F. The esophagus runs behind the trachea.

A

True, the esophagus runs behind the trachea and heart. Runs in front of the spine.

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17
Q

Thoracic duct function?

A

Transfer lymph back into circulatory system

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18
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Keep the heart from over inflating and providing protection.

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19
Q

What are the levels of the pericardium in order?

A
  • Fibrous pericardium
  • Serous pericardium divided into 2 layers seperated by a space
  • Parietal Pericardium Layer- forms inner lining of pericardium
  • Pericardial Space
  • Visceral Pericardium Layer- outer cover of heart
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20
Q

The epicardium is the same as the what?

A

Visceral pericardium

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21
Q

Every chamber of the heart and the flow of blood through them? Also list the valves that seperates them.

A
  • Right Atria- Recieves deoxygenated blood from the sup/inf vena cava and the coronary sinus
  • Right AV Valve (tricuspid)-prevents back flow during ventricular systole (when pressure in Vent is higher than pressure in Atria)
  • Right Ventricle- Pumps blood into pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary Semilunar Valve- Prevents backflow during ventricle diastole (when pressure in trunk is higher than ventricle)
  • Left Atria- Recieves oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
  • Left AV Valve (bicuspid)- Prevents backflow into atria during ventricular systole
  • Left Ventricle- Distributes blood throughout body to capillary beds
  • Aortic Semilunar Valve- Prevents backflow during ventricular diastole
22
Q

Superior vena cava recieves blood from the _______ while the inferior vena cava recieves blood from the ________.

A

Head, arms, thorax

Abdomen, pelvis, legs

23
Q

What does the base of the heart lay on?

A

Diaphragm

24
Q

What holds the AV valves closed?

A

Chordae tendinae

25
Q

The interatrial septum is also known as what?

A

oval fossa

26
Q

Layers of the heart wall?

A
  • Epicardium (visceral pericardium)
  • Myocardium- thickest part
  • Endocardium- simple squamos epithelial
  • chordae tendinae & papillary muscles
  • trabeculae careae
  • pectinate muscles
  • auricles
27
Q

Purpose of the chordae tendinae and the papillary muscles?

A

Project from ventricular walls and attach to the AV valves to close them and prevent backflow

28
Q

Purpose of the trabeculae careae?

A

Muscle ridges that help direct flow of blood

29
Q

Pectinate muscles location?

A

Inner surfaces of both atria

30
Q

Purpose of the auricles?

A

Pouches attached to R and L atria that handle increased volume.

31
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton purpose?

A

Electrically isolates the atria from the ventricles so that there are 2 heart pumps. An atrial pump and a ventricular pump.

32
Q

Where do the coronary arteries branch off of?

A

Branch from the aorta where it attaches to the semilunar valve

33
Q

The right coronary artery runs in what and branches to what?

A

Runs in the AV sulcus

Branches into:

  • SA node
  • Base of heart- right and left ventricles to the apex via right marginal
  • Posterior R and L ventricles and IVC via posterior interventricular
34
Q

The left coronary artery runs in what and branches to what?

A

Runs in the AV sulcus

Branches into:

  • SA Node (40%)
  • Anterior R and L ventricles and IVS (interventricular septum) via anterior interventricular artery
  • Posterior surface- left atria and ventricle via circumflex artery
  • Left Border- left ventricle via marginal artery
  • Posterior R and L ventricles and IVC (30%) via posterior interventricular artery
35
Q

All coronary veins run with named arteries and drain into what?

A

Great cardiac vein→coronary sinus→right atria

36
Q

Coronary innervation includes?

A 
Intrinsic pathway:
-SA node (pacemaker)→internodal fibers→AV node→AV bundle of His→bundle branches→Purkinje fibers
Sympathetic:
-Sympathetic trunk=cervical (superior,middle,inferior) and superior thoracic trunk ganglia
Parasympathetic:
-Vagus nerves
Cardiac plexus:
-both sympathetic and parasympathetic
37
Q

The single plug in of the lungs is known as what?

A

Hilum

38
Q

The pleural sac is divided into what parts? Put correct order.

A
  • Parietal pleura
  • Pleural cavity- fluid filled space
  • Visceral pleura
39
Q

What holds the accumulation of pleural fluid?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

40
Q

What is the purpose of the costomediastinal recess?

A

Assists lung expansion

41
Q

General lung locations

A
  • Apex- extend through thoracic inlet into base of neck
  • Base- rests on diaphragm
  • 3 surfaces (costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal)

Hilum:

  • pulmonary a.- deox blood
  • pulmonary v.- ox blood
  • bronchial a.- ox blood
  • bronchial v.- deox blood
  • primary bronchus
  • lymphatics
  • nerves
  • pulmonary ligament- fold of visceral and parietal pleura connecting lung to mediastinum
42
Q

Difference between the right and left lung?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes while the left only has 2

43
Q

The airway conducting portion has thick walls meaning what?

A

No gas exchange

44
Q

The conduction portion of the ariway consists of what?

A
  • Oral and nasal cavities
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Primary (main) bronchi → whole lung
  • Secondary bronchi (lobar) → lobes
  • Tertiary bronchi (segmental) → segments (10 per lung)
  • Bronchioles- more smooth muscle than cartilage for dilation/constriction
  • Terminal bronchioles- more smooth muscle than cartilage for dilation/constriction
45
Q

The Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles function?

A

regulation of airflow

46
Q

The respiratory portion has thin walls meaning what?

A

There is gas exchange at this point

47
Q

The respiratory portion consists of what?

A
  • Respiratory bronchioles → lubules
  • Alveolar duct
  • Alveolar sac
  • Alveoli
48
Q

Blood vessels of the lungs?

A
  • Pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Bronchial arteries
  • Bronchial veins
49
Q

Flow of lymphatics

A

Lymph capillaries and vessels of lung and pleura→
nodes of lung, bronchi, and trachea→
trunks→
right lymphatic and thoracic ducts in predictable pattern

50
Q

Nerves of the lung consist of ________ and ___________.

A

Sympathetic- from sympathetic chain ganglia
Parasympathetic- from vagus nerves

Both go to pulmonary plexus

Anatomy Exam 2 (10 decks)

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