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Foundations of health and disease > thorax > Flashcards

thorax Flashcards

1
Q

what is superior to the thoracic cage

A

neck

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2
Q

what is inferior to the thoracic cage

A

abdomen closed by diaphragm

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3
Q

what is lateral to the thoracic cage

A

upper limbs

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4
Q

what is anterior to the thoracic cage

A

breast

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5
Q

what is the contents of the thoracic cage

A

Thoracic cavity containing pleural cavities

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6
Q

what are the functions of the thoracic cage

A

respiration
protection
conduit

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7
Q

what are the bones of the thoracic cage

A

t1-t12 vertebrae
12 ribs
manubrium
body of sternum
xiphoid process

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8
Q

what are teh soft tissues in the thoracic cage

A

3 intercostal muscles

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9
Q

where is the sternal angle

A

between t4/t5
2nd rib costal cartilage joint

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10
Q

what features come out of the sternal angle

A
  • where the
    • bifurcation of trachea
    • azygous vein drains into superior vena cava
    • boundary of superior and inferior mediastinum
    • origin and end arch of the aorta
    • SVC pierces pericardium
    • pulmonary trunk are
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11
Q

what does the superior opening of the thoracic cage allow

A

transit of neurovascular and organ structures from neck to thorax to leave

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12
Q

where is the jugular notch

A

superior aspect of the manubrium

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13
Q

what are on either sides of the juglar notch

A

sternoclavicar joints
large fossa lined with cartilage which articulate with. themedial ends of the clavicles

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14
Q

what are features of the body of sternum

A

flat and elongated

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15
Q

what is the name of the joint that joins the manubrium and the sternum

A

manubriosternal joint

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16
Q

what is the name of the joint that joins the xiphoid process and the body of sternum

A

xiphisternal joint

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17
Q

what ribs connect to the body of sternum

A

ribs 2-7

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18
Q

what level is the tip of the xiphoid process at

A

t10

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19
Q

what are the basic features of a typical rib

A

a wedge shaped head with two articular facets
neck
shaft is flat and curved with a groove

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20
Q

what are the aytipical ribs

A

1,2,10,11,12

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21
Q

what is the structure of rib 1

A

shorter and wider
one facet
2 groves on the superior (top) or rib

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22
Q

what is the structure of rib 2

A

thinner
2 articular facets
rough on upper surface

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23
Q

what are features of rib 10

A

one facet

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24
Q

what are features of rib 11 and 12

A

no neck
one facet
rib 11 is longer

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25
Q

which ribs are true ribs

A

ribs 1-7

26
Q

which ribs are false ribs

A

ribs 8-10

27
Q

which ribs are floating ribs

A

11-12

28
Q

what are feature of T1

A

only vertebrae to articulate with the 1st rib

29
Q

what are the features of t11-12

A

single pair of costal facets

30
Q

what are the features of T10

A

single pair of whole facets whch articulate with the 10th rib

31
Q

what is the joint type between vertebral bodies in the vertebral column

A

symphysis which is cartilaginous

32
Q

what is the type of joint between vertebral arches in the vertebral column

A

synovial type joint called

33
Q

what do costoverterbral joints join

A

head of rib with
superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra
inferor costal facet of the superior vertebra
intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrae

34
Q

what do costotransverse joints join

A

thoracic vertebra with the tubercle of adjacent rib
not in t11-12

35
Q

what do the external and internal intercostal muscles look like

A
36
Q

what do the external intercostal muscle attach to

A

Originate at the lower border of the rib, inserting into the superior border of the rib below.

37
Q

what do the external intercostal muscles do

A

Elevates the ribs, increasing the thoracic volume.

38
Q

how is the intercostal muscles innervated

A

intercostal nerves t1-t11

39
Q

what do the internal intercostal muscles attach to

A

Originates from the lateral edge of the costal groove andinserts into the superior surface of the rib below.

40
Q

what are the actions of the internal intercostal muscle

A

The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.

41
Q

what are the attachments for the innermost intercostal muscle

A

Originates from the medial edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below.

42
Q

what are the actions of the innermost intercostal muscle

A

The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.

43
Q

what does the transversus throacis attach to

A

From the posterior surface of the inferior sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6.

44
Q

what do the subcostals atttach to

A

These originate from the inferior surface of the lower ribs, near the angle of the rib. They then attach to the superior border of the rib 2 or 3 below

45
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

the mediastinum is divided into two partsbyan imaginary line that runsfrom thesternal angle to the t4 vertebrae

46
Q

where is the superior mediastinum

A

extends upwards, terminating at the superior thoracic aperture

47
Q

where is the inferior mediastinum

A

extends downwards, terminating at the diaphragm. It is further subdivided into the anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum and posterior mediastinum.

48
Q

what is the lateral borders of the anterior mediastinum

A

mediastinal pleura

49
Q

what is the anterior border of the anterior mediastinum

A

Body of the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles

50
Q

what is the posterior border of the antieror mediastinum

A

pericardium

51
Q

what is the roof of the anterior mediastinum

A

Continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle

52
Q

what is the floor of the anterior mediastinum

A

diaphragm

53
Q

what is the contents of the anterior mediastinum

A

no major structures

54
Q

what are the borders of the mediastinum: inferior superior anterior posterior and lateral

A
  • Superior– Thoracic inlet.
  • Inferior– Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
  • Anterior– Manubrium of the sternum.
  • Posterior– Vertebral bodies of T1-4.
  • Lateral– Pleurae of the lungs.
55
Q

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum

A

contains neural, vascular and respiratory structurespassing from theadjacent regions of the neck and abdomen

56
Q

what are features of the trachea

A

The trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi posterior to the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.

57
Q

where is the oesophagus

A

The oesophagus ascends towards the pharynx, which it joins at the level of C6.

58
Q

what are the layers of the thoracic wall

A
  • skin
  • superficial fascia and fat
  • deep fascia- pectoralis fascia
  • muscles- pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and intercostal muscles
  • endothoracic fascia
  • parietal pleura
  • pleural space
  • visceral pleura and lungs
  • intercostal nerves, prosterior and anterior intercostal arteries from T1-T11
  • subcostal nerve at T12
  • lateral and anterious cutaneous branches
  • collateral branches
59
Q

where is the neurovascular bundle found

A

between nternal and innermost intercostal muscle

60
Q

what type of nerve is at t12

A

subcostal nerve

Foundations of health and disease (21 decks)

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