thorax Flashcards
what is superior to the thoracic cage
neck
what is inferior to the thoracic cage
abdomen closed by diaphragm
what is lateral to the thoracic cage
upper limbs
what is anterior to the thoracic cage
breast
what is the contents of the thoracic cage
Thoracic cavity containing pleural cavities
what are the functions of the thoracic cage
respiration
protection
conduit
what are the bones of the thoracic cage
t1-t12 vertebrae
12 ribs
manubrium
body of sternum
xiphoid process
what are teh soft tissues in the thoracic cage
3 intercostal muscles
where is the sternal angle
between t4/t5
2nd rib costal cartilage joint
what features come out of the sternal angle
- where the
- bifurcation of trachea
- azygous vein drains into superior vena cava
- boundary of superior and inferior mediastinum
- origin and end arch of the aorta
- SVC pierces pericardium
- pulmonary trunk are
what does the superior opening of the thoracic cage allow
transit of neurovascular and organ structures from neck to thorax to leave
where is the jugular notch
superior aspect of the manubrium
what are on either sides of the juglar notch
sternoclavicar joints
large fossa lined with cartilage which articulate with. themedial ends of the clavicles
what are features of the body of sternum
flat and elongated
what is the name of the joint that joins the manubrium and the sternum
manubriosternal joint
what is the name of the joint that joins the xiphoid process and the body of sternum
xiphisternal joint
what ribs connect to the body of sternum
ribs 2-7
what level is the tip of the xiphoid process at
t10
what are the basic features of a typical rib
a wedge shaped head with two articular facets
neck
shaft is flat and curved with a groove
what are the aytipical ribs
1,2,10,11,12
what is the structure of rib 1
shorter and wider
one facet
2 groves on the superior (top) or rib
what is the structure of rib 2
thinner
2 articular facets
rough on upper surface
what are features of rib 10
one facet
what are features of rib 11 and 12
no neck
one facet
rib 11 is longer
which ribs are true ribs
ribs 1-7
which ribs are false ribs
ribs 8-10
which ribs are floating ribs
11-12
what are feature of T1
only vertebrae to articulate with the 1st rib
what are the features of t11-12
single pair of costal facets
what are the features of T10
single pair of whole facets whch articulate with the 10th rib
what is the joint type between vertebral bodies in the vertebral column
symphysis which is cartilaginous
what is the type of joint between vertebral arches in the vertebral column
synovial type joint called
what do costoverterbral joints join
head of rib with
superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra
inferor costal facet of the superior vertebra
intervertebral disc separating the two vertebrae
what do costotransverse joints join
thoracic vertebra with the tubercle of adjacent rib
not in t11-12
what do the external and internal intercostal muscles look like
what do the external intercostal muscle attach to
Originate at the lower border of the rib, inserting into the superior border of the rib below.
what do the external intercostal muscles do
Elevates the ribs, increasing the thoracic volume.
how is the intercostal muscles innervated
intercostal nerves t1-t11
what do the internal intercostal muscles attach to
Originates from the lateral edge of the costal groove andinserts into the superior surface of the rib below.
what are the actions of the internal intercostal muscle
The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.
what are the attachments for the innermost intercostal muscle
Originates from the medial edge of the costal groove and inserts into the superior surface of the rib below.
what are the actions of the innermost intercostal muscle
The interosseous part reduces the thoracic volume by depressing the ribcage, and the interchondral part elevates the ribs.
what does the transversus throacis attach to
From the posterior surface of the inferior sternum to the internal surface of costal cartilages 2-6.
what do the subcostals atttach to
These originate from the inferior surface of the lower ribs, near the angle of the rib. They then attach to the superior border of the rib 2 or 3 below
what is the mediastinum
the mediastinum is divided into two partsbyan imaginary line that runsfrom thesternal angle to the t4 vertebrae
where is the superior mediastinum
extends upwards, terminating at the superior thoracic aperture
where is the inferior mediastinum
extends downwards, terminating at the diaphragm. It is further subdivided into the anterior mediastinum, middle mediastinum and posterior mediastinum.
what is the lateral borders of the anterior mediastinum
mediastinal pleura
what is the anterior border of the anterior mediastinum
Body of the sternum and the transversus thoracis muscles
what is the posterior border of the antieror mediastinum
pericardium
what is the roof of the anterior mediastinum
Continuous with the superior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle
what is the floor of the anterior mediastinum
diaphragm
what is the contents of the anterior mediastinum
no major structures
what are the borders of the mediastinum: inferior superior anterior posterior and lateral
- Superior– Thoracic inlet.
- Inferior– Continuous with the inferior mediastinum at the level of the sternal angle.
- Anterior– Manubrium of the sternum.
- Posterior– Vertebral bodies of T1-4.
- Lateral– Pleurae of the lungs.
what are the contents of the superior mediastinum
contains neural, vascular and respiratory structurespassing from theadjacent regions of the neck and abdomen
what are features of the trachea
The trachea bifurcates into the primary bronchi posterior to the ascending aorta at the level of the sternal angle.
where is the oesophagus
The oesophagus ascends towards the pharynx, which it joins at the level of C6.
what are the layers of the thoracic wall
- skin
- superficial fascia and fat
- deep fascia- pectoralis fascia
- muscles- pectoralis major and minor, serratus anterior and intercostal muscles
- endothoracic fascia
- parietal pleura
- pleural space
- visceral pleura and lungs
- intercostal nerves, prosterior and anterior intercostal arteries from T1-T11
- subcostal nerve at T12
- lateral and anterious cutaneous branches
- collateral branches
where is the neurovascular bundle found
between nternal and innermost intercostal muscle
what type of nerve is at t12
subcostal nerve
