Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of health and disease > nerves and vessels > Flashcards

nerves and vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Label these major vessels

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is the nervous system divided

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how are lymphatic vessels organised within the body

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do arteries and arterioles do

A

Deliver oxygen-rich blood and nutrients from heart to organs and tissues except pulmonary arteries which carry deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which is the true anaotomical end arteries

A

centeral retinal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

why is the central retinal artery the true anatomical end artery

A

no anastomosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is anastomosis

A

connection between two blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are functional end arteries and why are they not true anatomical end arteries

A

coronary arteries but they have anastomosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do venules and veins do

A

take deoxygenated blood back to heart except pulmonary veins which carry oxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do capillaries do

A

Exchange of gases and transfer of nutrients between blood and tissues and Link arterioles to venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and bicuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are atrioventricular valves

A

separate atria from ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the tricuspid valve

A
  • three cusps that. tether valve to papilary muscle
  • prevents blood backflow into right atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the bicuspid valve

A
  • two cusps- anterior and prosterior leaflet
  • have chordae tendineae
  • prevents backflow into the left atrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are semilunar valves

A

where major arteries leave ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the 2 semilunar valves

A

pulmonary and aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the pulmonary valve

A
  • three half mooon shaped cusps
  • prevents blood backlfow into right ventricle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the aortic valve

A

three cusps
prevent backflow into the left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does blood flow through the body

A
  • Deoxygenated blood enters right side of heart via superior, inferior vena cava (veins) → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → pulmonary arterioles → pulmonary capillaries → alveoli
  • Oxygenated blood travels through pulmonary venules → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid/mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → organs, tissues
  • Deoxygenated blood returns to heart
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is is pressure like in systemic circulation

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in systemic circulation

A

right side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood through pulmonary circulation to collect oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the flow of blood in systemic circulation

A

right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the pressure like in pulmonary circulation

A

high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens during pulmonary circulation

A

left side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the flow of blood during pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

label this neurone

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the role of a neurone

A

responsible for transmitting signals as electrical or chemical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of the cell body of a neurone

A

Holds nucleus. It is the site of protein synthesis, which occurs on small granules of rough endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what happens when neuronal cell bodies group together in the CNS

A

its called a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a ganglion

A

when many neuronal cell bodies group together in the PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are dendrites

A

elongated portions of the cell body. They extend outwards, receiving input from the environment and from other neurones. these processes originate from the soma and extend outwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are the functions of dendrites

A

They transmit signals received from other neurones to the soma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is an axon

A

The axon isa long, thin structure down which action potentials (the nerve impulse) areconducted. Whilst neurones have many dendrites, most cells only have one axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the mylein sheath made out of in the CNS

A

oligodendorcytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

t is the myelin sheath made out of in the PNS

A

schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in between the mylein sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are features of axon terminals

A

where neurone sens chemical signals
many mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the layers of connective tissues within the axon

A
  • Endoneurium– Surrounds the axon of an individual neurone.
  • Perineurium– Surrounds a fascicle, which is a collection of neurones.
  • Epineurium– Surrounds the entire nerve, which is formed by a collection of fascicles.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is a unipolar neurone

A

the cell body is at one end of a single unbranched axon, and there are no dendrites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

the pseudounipolar neurone

A

They have one axon which is divided into two branches by the presence of the cell body. Sensory neurones are all pseudounipolar.

41
Q

wat are bipolar neuroes

A

These neurones have two processes arising from a central cell body – typically one axon and one dendrite.

42
Q

what are multipolar neurones

A

They have one axon and many dendrites, with a cell body displaced to one side of the axon. Motor neurones are a prime example of this.

43
Q

what are the 3 functional classifications of nerves

A

sensory
motor
relay

44
Q

what are sensory nerves

A

found in the PNS
small axons
psuedounipolar

45
Q

what are motor nerves

A

large axons
multipolar
found in the pNS

46
Q

what are relay nerves

A

central cell body
many dendrites
found in. theCNS

47
Q

what are the 3 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia

48
Q

what are astrocystes

A

star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal chord

49
Q

what is the functions of astrocytes

A

metabolic support- store glycogen
regulation of ionic environment- remove excess K+
neurotransmitter uptake
modulation of synaptic transmission- release ATP
promotion of myelination

50
Q

what is the function of oligodendrocytes

A

insulate axons in the CNS

51
Q

what do microglia do

A

These cells form theresident immune systemof the brain. They are activated in response to tissue damage and have the capability to recognise foreign antigens and initiate phagocytosis to remove foreign material.

52
Q

what is a synapse

A

a gap that is present between two neurones

53
Q

what is neurotransmission

A

Neurotransmission starts with the release of a readily available neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neurone, followed by its diffusion and binding to the postsynaptic receptors. Then the postsynaptic cell responds appropriately, whereas neurotransmitter is removed or deactivated to allow the entire cycle to occur again.

54
Q

what does the somatic nervous system of the PNS do

A

is responsible for voluntary, conscious control of skeletal muscles (effector organ).

55
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system of PNS do

A

The autonomic (visceral) nervous system control the visceral functions of the body and acts largely unconsciously.
The efferent arm of this system can be further subdivided into the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic (SNS) components, which control numerous smooth muscles and glands

56
Q

what is the spinal cord

A

Thespinal cordis a tubular bundle of nervous tissue and supporting cells that extends from the brainstem to the lumbar vertebrae

57
Q

what is a dermatome

A

An individual area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve [primary ramus]; this being the area of skin responsible for sensory input to the dorsal root.

58
Q

what is a myotome

A

An individual set of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve [primary ramus]

59
Q

Outline the basic mechanism of referred pain

A

The referred pain occurs because of multiple primary sensory neurons converging on a single ascending tract. When the painful stimuli arise in visceral receptors the brain is unable to distinguish visceral signals from the more common signals that arise from somatic receptors.

60
Q

what is the role of the lymphatic system

A

It protects the body from invaders, maintains the fluid level in the body, and absorbs dietary fat from the intestine

It collects fluid lost from capillary beds and returns it back to the venous system

pathogens are trapped in lymphatic system

61
Q

what are features of the lymphatic system

A

it is not a closed system

no pump like the heart

thin walls and low pressure

larger lymphatic vessels have valves to prevent backflow

62
Q

what are the components of the lymphatic system

A
  • lymph
  • lymphocytes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • red bone marrow
  • thymus gland
  • spleen
  • lymph nodules
  • tonsils
  • lymphatic fluid
63
Q

what are lymphatic vessels

A

they are porous blind ended capillaries that converge to become larger vessels. they then drain into large veins at the root of the neck at the venous angle.
lymph vessels pass through lymph nodes which act as a filter

64
Q

what are lymphatic capillaries

A

are endothelial tubes with small valves. there are more valves compared to veins however are thinner than veins. the larger lymphatic vessels have three layers: tunica intima, media and adventitia

65
Q

what are lymph nodes

A
  • secondary lymphatic organ
  • all lymph passes through
  • afferent to node
  • efferent away
  • filters that trap phagocytose matter
  • detect and defend from foreign antigens
66
Q

what is red bone marrow

A
  • primary lymphatic organ
  • site of T and B cell differentiation and B cell maturation
  • active tissue that creates RBC (hemopoiesis)
  • contains specialised blood vessels (sinusoids) where new cells are released
  • yellow bone marrow: no hemopoiesis, consists of mainly fat cells
67
Q

what is the thymus gland

A

primary lymphatic organ in the thorax
site of t cell maturation

68
Q

what is the spleen

A
  • secondary lymphatic organ
  • largest lymphatic organ
  • the white pulp is the lymphatic tissue
  • the red pulp is erythrocytes, macrophages and immune cells
  • it filters blood, reacts to blood borne antigens, removes old and defective erythrocytes and recycles iron from degraded haemoglobin
69
Q

what is lymphatic fluid

A
  • mostly clear
  • comes from tissue in capillary bed
  • contains WBC
  • high protein conc
70
Q

what is chyle

A
  • special type of lymphatic fluid
  • contains fats from intestinal absorption
  • found in small intestine
  • fluid is milky and opaque due to large chain fatty acids coated with protein and surrounded by cholesterol (called chylomicrons)
  • lymph capillaries here are called lacteals
71
Q

what is the cisterna chyli

A
  • the pouch in the abdomen
  • drains the abdominal organs, walls, pelvis, perineum and lower limbs
  • cisterna chyli → thoracic duct → left subclavian vein
72
Q

what is the thoracic duct

A
  • largest lymphatic channel
  • drains to left subclavian
  • originates from cisterna chyli
  • ascends from aortic hiatus in diaghram
  • many valves- beaded appearance
73
Q

where is the left/right bronchomedisastinal trunk

A
  • lung
  • bronchi
  • mediastinal structures
  • thoracic wall
74
Q

where is the left/right subclivain trunk

A

upper limb
superficial regions of thoracic and abdominal wall

75
Q

where is the left and right jugular trunk

A

head and neck

76
Q

what are lymph node chains

A
  • stay in clusters, connected by chains of lymph vessels
  • primary nodes are the first node or group within a chain
  • terminal nodes are the last nodes
  • sentinel nodes are the first lymph node draining a cancer
77
Q

what is the strucutre of a lymph node

A
  • hilum which has blood vessels. efferent lymphatic
  • afferent lymphatic penetrate the convex side and drain into the subcapsular and medullary sinus
78
Q

what is a lymphoid follicle

A
  • contain germinal centre
  • separated by trabecular sinus
  • contain: b cells, macrophages, t cells and plasma cells
79
Q

what are features of superficial lymphatic vessels

A
  • more numerous than veins in the subcutaneous tissue
  • converge towards and follow venous drainage
  • eventually drain into deep lymphatic vessels
80
Q

what are features of superficial lymphatic nodes

A
  • superficial to deep fascia
  • associated with superficial veins
  • drain to deep nodes
81
Q

what are features of deep lymphatic vessels

A

accompany arteries
receive damage from internal organs

82
Q

what are features of deep lymphatic nodes

A
  • closely located to vasculature and organs
  • name taken from neighboring structures
83
Q

what are lymphatic nodules

A
  • masses of lymphocytes and macrophages
  • guard against pathogenic substances
  • site for initial immune response
  • Congregate in response to pathogens or are permanent
84
Q

what is lymphoedema

A
  • blockage or damage causes swelling in limbs
  • caused from: trauma, coincidental surgical injury, deliberate surgical removal e.g. cancer, infection, radiation therapy.
85
Q

what is lymphadenopathy

A
  • swelling of lymph nodes
  • caused by infection, skin wounds, metastases, primary malignancy
  • infection of nodes: lymphadenitis
  • infection of vessels: lymphangitis
86
Q

what are the 3 major branches of the aortic arch

A
  • Brachiocephalic artery– supplying the right side of the head & neck and the right upper limb.
  • Left Common carotid artery– to the left side of the head & neck.
  • Left Subclavian artery– to the left upper limb.
87
Q

what are 4 structures in the superior vena cava

A

brachiocephalic veins
left superior intercotal vein
supreme intercostal vein
azygous vein

88
Q

what does the brachiocephalic vein do

A

drain blood from the upper body

89
Q

what does the left superior intercostal vein do

A

collectsblood from the left 2nd and 3rd intercostal vein. It drains into the left brachiocephalic vein.

90
Q

what does the supreme intercostal vein do

A

drains the vein from first intercostal space directly into the brachiocephalic veins.

91
Q

what does the azygos vein do

A

receiving blood from the right posterior intercostal veins. The left intercostal veins drain first into the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins before joining the azygos vein around T7-T9.

92
Q

where is the vagus nerve

A

superior mediastinum

93
Q

where is the vagus nerve

A

superior mediastinum

94
Q

what are the two paths of the vagus neves

A

right and left

95
Q

where is the right vagus nerve

A

runs parallel to the trachea and passes posteriorly to the superior vena cava and the right primary bronchus.

96
Q

where is the left vagus nerve

A

enters the superior mediastinum between the left common carotid and the left subclavian arteries. It descends anteriorly to the aortic arch, before travellingposterior tothe leftbronchus.

97
Q

what are features of cardiac nevres

A

originate from the superior, middle and inferior cardiac ganglion and form thesuperficial and deep cardiac plexusesin the superior mediastinum. The superior plexus sits between the aortic arch and right pulmonary artery. The deep plexus lies on the surface of the trachea at the point of bifurcation.

98
Q

what are hemiazygos veins

A

It enters the mediastinum through the left crus of the diaphragm, ascending on the left side. At the level of T8, it turns to the right and combines withthe azygos vein

Foundations of health and disease (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions