psychology

Question 1

what are the risk factors for unplanned pregnancy

Answer 1

• lower educational attainment
• young age
• substance abuse

Question 2

what is the biomedical approach

Answer 2

focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness.

Question 3

what are the 5 assumptions of the biomedical approach

Answer 3

Treats the mind and body separately: mind/body dualism

Body can be repaired: mechanical metaphor

Prioritises technological responses

Focuses on the biological: reductionist at the expense of other influences

Doctrine of specific aetiology

Question 4

what are advantages of the biopsychosocial model

Answer 4

It sets the patient in their wider social, cultural and economic context - holistic
It affords empathetic practice, and a toolkit for improving communication
It enables patient-centred care and practitioner reflexivity
It enables medical practitioners to tailor their approach and advice

Question 5

what are the disadvantages of the biopsychosocial model

Answer 5

Might be regarded as being scientifically feeble
Qualitative methodology
The incorporation of biopsychosocial medicine topics into the curriculum vary across clinical conditions

Question 6

what are the emotional changes in the first trimestor

Answer 6

fluctuations between positive feelings and negative ones

Question 7

what do emotions during pregnancy depend on

Answer 7

• pregnancy ailments
• planned/ unplanned pregnancy
• financial situations
• family support
• a perception of lifestyle restriction
• a sense of loss of independence

Question 8

what are the emotional changes in the second trimester

Answer 8

mood fluctuations continue even during the second trimester, the negative feelings could sometimes lessen

Question 9

what are the emotional changes in the third trimester

Answer 9

Negative emotional feelings could come back more again during this time. This could be due to increasing discomfort (such as due to pelvic girdle pain/ a backache), insomnia, tiredness/ exhaustion

Question 10

what are risk factors for post natal depression

Answer 10

Previous mental health problems, including depression

Depression or anxiety during pregnancy

Poor support from partner, family or friends – or marital difficulties

A recent stressful event - e.g. death of someone close to mother, relationship ending, losing a job.

Experienced domestic violence or previous abuse

Arrived in a developed country as a refugee or to seek asylum

Question 11

what are the features of infant attachment between weeks 0-6

Answer 11

pre-attachment
non-specific attachment behaviour

Question 12

what are the features of infant attachment between weeks 6-7 months

Answer 12

attachment in the making
developing preference for the attention/comfort of certain people

Question 13

what are the features of infant attachment between 7 months - 2 years

Answer 13

clear-cut attachment
attachment behaviours are directed to specific people
separation anxiety
better ability to maintain contact with preferred people

Question 14

what are the features of infant attachment between 2 years onwards

Answer 14

reciprocal relationship
separation anxiety diminishes

Question 15

what are the 4 things infants attach on to

Answer 15

• physical contact
• smell
• sight
• sound

Question 16

what are the health benefits of breastfeeding

Answer 16

ower mortality due to infectious diseases

lower rates of asthma

immunomodulatory qualities of breast milk

prevents breast cancer

improve birth spacing

might reduce a woman’s risk of diabetes and ovarian cancer

Question 17

what are the cognitive benefits of breast feeding

Answer 17

BF babies perform better on “intelligence” tests in childhood and adulthood

effect is stronger in disadvantaged children

Question 18

what are the 4 stages of intellectual development

Answer 18

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational

Question 19

what age is the sensorimotor stage

Answer 19

birth- 2 years

Question 20

what occurs during the sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

Preverbal

Experiences the world through basic reflexes, senses and motor responses (movement and sensation)

Learning through basic actions: sucking, looking, grasping, listening

Learn object permanence (things can exist if not visible)

Begin to ‘separate’ self from other people

Learn that their actions cause things to happen, other people to react

Question 21

what age is the pre operational stage

Answer 21

2-7 years

Question 22

what happens during the preoperational stage

Answer 22

Emergence of language

Beginnings of symbolic thinking: using words and pictures to represent objects

Egocentricity: seeing their actions as key to making things happen; struggle to understand other people’s perspectives

Concrete thinking

Lack of concept of conservation

Question 23

what age is the concrete operational stage

Answer 23

7-12 years

Question 24

what happens during concrete operational stage

Answer 24

Learns to experiment with and manipulate(operate) real (concrete) objects

Conservation of number, reversibility

Classification of objects; organised thinking

Inductive logic from specific information and general principles

Still struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts, still concrete in thinking (magical thinking)

Less egocentric: think about how others may think and feel

Recognise that their thoughts are unique

Question 25

what happens during the formal operational stage

Answer 25

Learns complex abstract reasoning about hypothetical questions

Begins to think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues using abstract reasoning

Can begin to use deductive logic, and reasoning from general principles

Considers a range of possible outcomes to things

Question 26

what age is the formal operational stage

Answer 26

12 years onwards

Question 27

what is the zone of proximal development

Answer 27

The distance between the child’s independent problem-solving capacity of the potential capacity under guidance for collaboration

Question 28

what is gonadarche

Answer 28

biological process beginning with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and ending with the attainment of reproductive competence

Question 29

what is adrenarche

Answer 29

activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis, often begins earlier than gonadarche

Question 30

what is the activation of the growth axis

Answer 30

resulting in a linear growth spurt at around age 12 in girls and age 14 in boys, as well as changes in body size and composition

Question 31

what is the synaptic pruning of excess grey matter

Answer 31

frequently used connections are strengthened, infrequently used connections are eliminated.

Question 32

what happens to the brain during puberty

Answer 32

Decrease in grey matter over time, increase in white matter

Reorganisation: Connections become more specialised and efficient

Parts of brain controlling physical movement, vision and senses mature first

Areas involving memory and attention mature later

Prefrontal cortex starts to develop, early in life and into the young person’s 20s.

Question 33

what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for

Answer 33

Responsible for rational, executive brain functions

planning, organising thoughts

problem solving* weighing consequences

assuming responsibility

interpreting & controlling emotions

inhibitory control

Question 34

what is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 34

Something which can initiate a reflexive response

Question 35

what is an unconditioned response

Answer 35

a reflex which is unpaired

Question 36

what is a conditioned stimulus

Answer 36

a stimulus that becomes associated with an involuntary response which would not usually initiate that reflex

Question 37

what is a conditioned response?

Answer 37

a response contingent on a stimulus within the environment