psychology Flashcards
what are the risk factors for unplanned pregnancy
- lower educational attainment
- young age
- substance abuse
what is the biomedical approach
focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness.
what are the 5 assumptions of the biomedical approach
Treats the mind and body separately: mind/body dualism
Body can be repaired: mechanical metaphor
Prioritises technological responses
Focuses on the biological: reductionist at the expense of other influences
Doctrine of specific aetiology
what are advantages of the biopsychosocial model
It sets the patient in their wider social, cultural and economic context - holistic
It affords empathetic practice, and a toolkit for improving communication
It enables patient-centred care and practitioner reflexivity
It enables medical practitioners to tailor their approach and advice
what are the disadvantages of the biopsychosocial model
Might be regarded as being scientifically feeble
Qualitative methodology
The incorporation of biopsychosocial medicine topics into the curriculum vary across clinical conditions
what are the emotional changes in the first trimestor
fluctuations between positive feelings and negative ones
what do emotions during pregnancy depend on
- pregnancy ailments
- planned/ unplanned pregnancy
- financial situations
- family support
- a perception of lifestyle restriction
- a sense of loss of independence
what are the emotional changes in the second trimester
mood fluctuations continue even during the second trimester, the negative feelings could sometimes lessen
what are the emotional changes in the third trimester
Negative emotional feelings could come back more again during this time. This could be due to increasing discomfort (such as due to pelvic girdle pain/ a backache), insomnia, tiredness/ exhaustion
what are risk factors for post natal depression
Previous mental health problems, including depression
Depression or anxiety during pregnancy
Poor support from partner, family or friends – or marital difficulties
A recent stressful event - e.g. death of someone close to mother, relationship ending, losing a job.
Experienced domestic violence or previous abuse
Arrived in a developed country as a refugee or to seek asylum
what are the features of infant attachment between weeks 0-6
pre-attachment
non-specific attachment behaviour
what are the features of infant attachment between weeks 6-7 months
attachment in the making
developing preference for the attention/comfort of certain people
what are the features of infant attachment between 7 months - 2 years
clear-cut attachment
attachment behaviours are directed to specific people
separation anxiety
better ability to maintain contact with preferred people
what are the features of infant attachment between 2 years onwards
reciprocal relationship
separation anxiety diminishes
what are the 4 things infants attach on to
- physical contact
- smell
- sight
- sound
what are the health benefits of breastfeeding
ower mortality due to infectious diseases
lower rates of asthma
immunomodulatory qualities of breast milk
prevents breast cancer
improve birth spacing
might reduce a woman’s risk of diabetes and ovarian cancer
what are the cognitive benefits of breast feeding
BF babies perform better on “intelligence” tests in childhood and adulthood
effect is stronger in disadvantaged children
what are the 4 stages of intellectual development
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
what age is the sensorimotor stage
birth- 2 years
what occurs during the sensorimotor stage
Preverbal
Experiences the world through basic reflexes, senses and motor responses (movement and sensation)
Learning through basic actions: sucking, looking, grasping, listening
Learn object permanence (things can exist if not visible)
Begin to ‘separate’ self from other people
Learn that their actions cause things to happen, other people to react
what age is the pre operational stage
2-7 years
what happens during the preoperational stage
Emergence of language
Beginnings of symbolic thinking: using words and pictures to represent objects
Egocentricity: seeing their actions as key to making things happen; struggle to understand other people’s perspectives
Concrete thinking
Lack of concept of conservation
what age is the concrete operational stage
7-12 years
what happens during concrete operational stage
Learns to experiment with and manipulate(operate) real (concrete) objects
Conservation of number, reversibility
Classification of objects; organised thinking
Inductive logic from specific information and general principles
Still struggle with abstract and hypothetical concepts, still concrete in thinking (magical thinking)
Less egocentric: think about how others may think and feel
Recognise that their thoughts are unique
what happens during the formal operational stage
Learns complex abstract reasoning about hypothetical questions
Begins to think about moral, philosophical, ethical, social and political issues using abstract reasoning
Can begin to use deductive logic, and reasoning from general principles
Considers a range of possible outcomes to things
what age is the formal operational stage
12 years onwards
what is the zone of proximal development
The distance between the child’s independent problem-solving capacity of the potential capacity under guidance for collaboration
what is gonadarche
biological process beginning with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and ending with the attainment of reproductive competence
what is adrenarche
activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis, often begins earlier than gonadarche
what is the activation of the growth axis
resulting in a linear growth spurt at around age 12 in girls and age 14 in boys, as well as changes in body size and composition
what is the synaptic pruning of excess grey matter
frequently used connections are strengthened, infrequently used connections are eliminated.
what happens to the brain during puberty
Decrease in grey matter over time, increase in white matter
Reorganisation: Connections become more specialised and efficient
Parts of brain controlling physical movement, vision and senses mature first
Areas involving memory and attention mature later
Prefrontal cortex starts to develop, early in life and into the young person’s 20s.
what is the prefrontal cortex responsible for
Responsible for rational, executive brain functions
planning, organising thoughts
problem solving* weighing consequences
assuming responsibility
interpreting & controlling emotions
inhibitory control
what is an unconditioned stimulus?
Something which can initiate a reflexive response
what is an unconditioned response
a reflex which is unpaired
what is a conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that becomes associated with an involuntary response which would not usually initiate that reflex
what is a conditioned response?
a response contingent on a stimulus within the environment
