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Foundations of health and disease > cell pathology > Flashcards

cell pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathology

A

the branch ofmedicineconcerned with the cause,origin, andnatureof disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease
2.themanifestationsof disease, esp. changes occurring in tissues or organs
3.anyvariantordeviantcondition fromnormal

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2
Q

what is cellular pathology

A

examine the morphology of cells and tissues

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3
Q

How do you do histology within cellular pathology and what is the medical professional called

A

cut the tissue in thin slices
put on a glass slide
stain
histopathologist

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4
Q

how do you do cytology within cellular pathology and what is the medical professional called

A

smear a thick fluid like sample on a slide and stain it
haematologist

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5
Q

how biochemistry used in pathology and which medical professional is involved

A

Measure various molecules in the blood, which is important to monitor the functions of organs like liver and kidney (Chemical pathologist)

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6
Q

how infection used in pathology and which medical professional is involved

A

Identify infectious microbes by culturing them and identifying which antibiotics they will respond to. Infection control (Microbiologist/Virologist)

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7
Q

how immunology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved

A

Identify “misbehaving” antibodies in our body, especially when they turn against our own tissues (autoimmunity) (Immunologist)

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8
Q

how genetic pathology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved

A

Molecular biology/Generics: DNA/RNA analysis (Consultant in Genetic pathology)

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9
Q

how forensic pathology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved

A

Post mortem examination of the body to find out why someone died? (Forensic Pathologist)

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10
Q

what is the process of evaluation of a tissue sample to make a diagnosis

A
  1. Anatomical pathology = tissue/specimen is examined and cut to make slides
  2. stain
  3. observe under the microscope
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11
Q

what do gram +/- determine

A

Determines gram staining
Influences susceptibility to antibiotics
Determines pathogenicity

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12
Q

what is multiplicative growth

A

increase of cell numbers

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13
Q

what is auxetic growth

A

increase of cell size

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14
Q

what is accretionary growth

A

increase of extracellular tissue

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15
Q

what are labile cells

A

they have a regenerative ability
they have a short life span and are able to proliferate continuously
rapid cel turnover

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16
Q

what are stable cells

A

have regenerative ability but divide at a slow rate
have a slow turnover

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17
Q

what are permanent cells

A

do not have regenerative capacity
terminally differentiated and cant poliferate

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18
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

G1
S- DNA synthesis
G2
Mitosis- nuclear division

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19
Q

what is different about terminally differentiated cells’ cell cycle

A

stay at G1 and they don’t progress through the cells cycle. In this case the cell cycle phase is called G0.

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20
Q

which signalling molecules trigger cell proliferation

A

Mitogens (induce mitosis)
Growth proteins
Survival proteins

21
Q

how is cell injury caused

A

Trauma
Changes in osmotic pressure
Thermal injury (extreme hot or cold)
Oxygen starvation (ischaemia-reperfusion)
Infection – toxins
Membrane failure
DNA damage – radiation, chemotherapy, free radicals
Metabolic disruption
Lack of growth factors
Drugs and poisons

22
Q

what happens if the cell injury is not sorted

A

apoptosis from mutations, DNA damage, infection/inflammation
necrosis from oxygen starvation, oxidative stress, infection/inflammation

23
Q

what are the features of cell injury when seen under a microscope

A

Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Increased eosinophil (red) staining in histopathology.
The cell membrane develops blebs and become distorted.
The mitochondria begin to swell.
The nucleus becomes condensed.

24
Q

what is cell adaptation

A

changes to the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or function of cells.

25
Q

what is a physiologic adaptation of cell

A

response to hormones or signalling and mechanical pressure

26
Q

what is a pathologic adaptation of a cell

A

occurs in the event of stress. cells can modify their function to escape injury to the expense of normal function

27
Q

what are the 4 types of cell adaptations

A

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia

28
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

29
Q

what is an example of physiologic hypertrophy

A

In pregnancy uterus growth involves the enlargement of smooth muscle cells in response to oestrogen stimulation.

30
Q

what is an example of pathologic hypertrophy

A

In increased blood pressure the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) adapt and become hypertrophic, leading to enlargement of the heart.
In reduced blood flow due to obstruction (ischaemia) cardiomyocytes encounter metabolic stress that causes a reversible cell injury that can proceed to cell death (coagulative necrosis).

31
Q

what is atrophy

A

reduction in cell size

32
Q

what are the causes of atrophy

A

Reduced blood blow
Loss of innervation
Reduced workload
Reduction in nutrient supply
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Aging

Reduced protein synthesis
Increased protein degradation
Autophagy

33
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

34
Q

what causes hyperplasia

A

proliferation of differentiated or progenitor cells

35
Q

give an example of physiologic hyperplasia

A

cells can proliferate in response to hormonal stimuli or following the removal of part of a tissue or organ,
e.g. when part of the liver is removed the remaining cells show increased proliferation.

36
Q

what is pathologic hyperplasia

A

In pathologic hyperplasia there is increased hormonal or growth factor stimulation.
Hyperplasia is tightly control.
However, there is a risk of malignancy (cancer).

37
Q

what is metaplasia

A

Replacement of one adult cell type with another adult cell type.

38
Q

what causes metaplasia

A

cell stress
reprogramming of stem cell differentiation rather than a change in phenotype of already differentiated cells.

39
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

40
Q

what is apoptosis triggered by

A

caspases

41
Q

what do caspases do

A

Caspases cleave other proteins in order to carry out programmed cell death (apoptosis).

42
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway responsible for

A

most physiological or pathological apoptosis and relies on mitochondria and the release of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm.

43
Q

what is necrosis

A

Death due to metabolic failure or disruption of the cell membrane.

44
Q

what happens during necrosis

A

Induces an inflammatory response.
Cell membranes falls apart and the cytoplasm including enzymes leaks to surrounding tissue.

45
Q

what are the types of cellular necrosis based on morphology

A

Coagulative necrosis – most common
Colliquative necrosis – tissue liquefication in the brain
Gangrene - necrosis with putrefaction
Fat necrosis – pancreatic disease
Fibrinoid
Caseous (cheese like) – yellow/white appearance of the necrotic area. Common in tuberculosis, appearance of structureless tissue without clear cell outlines.

46
Q

how is necrosis detected

A

from blood samples through the detection of specific proteins.

47
Q

what is autophagy

A

cellular sef eating

48
Q

why does autophagy occur

A

due to lack of nutrients

49
Q

how does autophagy take place

A

Autophagosomes are created from the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and they engulf part of the cytoplasm and organelles.
Digestion of the autophagosome (autophagic vacuole) content provides nutrients for cell survival.

Foundations of health and disease (21 decks)

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