cell pathology Flashcards
what is pathology
the branch ofmedicineconcerned with the cause,origin, andnatureof disease, including the changes occurring as a result of disease
2.themanifestationsof disease, esp. changes occurring in tissues or organs
3.anyvariantordeviantcondition fromnormal
what is cellular pathology
examine the morphology of cells and tissues
How do you do histology within cellular pathology and what is the medical professional called
cut the tissue in thin slices
put on a glass slide
stain
histopathologist
how do you do cytology within cellular pathology and what is the medical professional called
smear a thick fluid like sample on a slide and stain it
haematologist
how biochemistry used in pathology and which medical professional is involved
Measure various molecules in the blood, which is important to monitor the functions of organs like liver and kidney (Chemical pathologist)
how infection used in pathology and which medical professional is involved
Identify infectious microbes by culturing them and identifying which antibiotics they will respond to. Infection control (Microbiologist/Virologist)
how immunology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved
Identify “misbehaving” antibodies in our body, especially when they turn against our own tissues (autoimmunity) (Immunologist)
how genetic pathology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved
Molecular biology/Generics: DNA/RNA analysis (Consultant in Genetic pathology)
how forensic pathology used in pathology and which medical professional is involved
Post mortem examination of the body to find out why someone died? (Forensic Pathologist)
what is the process of evaluation of a tissue sample to make a diagnosis
- Anatomical pathology = tissue/specimen is examined and cut to make slides
- stain
- observe under the microscope
what do gram +/- determine
Determines gram staining
Influences susceptibility to antibiotics
Determines pathogenicity
what is multiplicative growth
increase of cell numbers
what is auxetic growth
increase of cell size
what is accretionary growth
increase of extracellular tissue
what are labile cells
they have a regenerative ability
they have a short life span and are able to proliferate continuously
rapid cel turnover
what are stable cells
have regenerative ability but divide at a slow rate
have a slow turnover
what are permanent cells
do not have regenerative capacity
terminally differentiated and cant poliferate
what are the stages of the cell cycle
G1
S- DNA synthesis
G2
Mitosis- nuclear division
what is different about terminally differentiated cells’ cell cycle
stay at G1 and they don’t progress through the cells cycle. In this case the cell cycle phase is called G0.
which signalling molecules trigger cell proliferation
Mitogens (induce mitosis)
Growth proteins
Survival proteins
how is cell injury caused
Trauma
Changes in osmotic pressure
Thermal injury (extreme hot or cold)
Oxygen starvation (ischaemia-reperfusion)
Infection – toxins
Membrane failure
DNA damage – radiation, chemotherapy, free radicals
Metabolic disruption
Lack of growth factors
Drugs and poisons
what happens if the cell injury is not sorted
apoptosis from mutations, DNA damage, infection/inflammation
necrosis from oxygen starvation, oxidative stress, infection/inflammation
what are the features of cell injury when seen under a microscope
Appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Increased eosinophil (red) staining in histopathology.
The cell membrane develops blebs and become distorted.
The mitochondria begin to swell.
The nucleus becomes condensed.
what is cell adaptation
changes to the number, size, phenotype, metabolic activity or function of cells.
what is a physiologic adaptation of cell
response to hormones or signalling and mechanical pressure
what is a pathologic adaptation of a cell
occurs in the event of stress. cells can modify their function to escape injury to the expense of normal function
what are the 4 types of cell adaptations
hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
metaplasia
what is hypertrophy
increase in cell size
what is an example of physiologic hypertrophy
In pregnancy uterus growth involves the enlargement of smooth muscle cells in response to oestrogen stimulation.
what is an example of pathologic hypertrophy
In increased blood pressure the heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) adapt and become hypertrophic, leading to enlargement of the heart.
In reduced blood flow due to obstruction (ischaemia) cardiomyocytes encounter metabolic stress that causes a reversible cell injury that can proceed to cell death (coagulative necrosis).
what is atrophy
reduction in cell size
what are the causes of atrophy
Reduced blood blow
Loss of innervation
Reduced workload
Reduction in nutrient supply
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Aging
Reduced protein synthesis
Increased protein degradation
Autophagy
what is hyperplasia
increase in cell number
what causes hyperplasia
proliferation of differentiated or progenitor cells
give an example of physiologic hyperplasia
cells can proliferate in response to hormonal stimuli or following the removal of part of a tissue or organ,
e.g. when part of the liver is removed the remaining cells show increased proliferation.
what is pathologic hyperplasia
In pathologic hyperplasia there is increased hormonal or growth factor stimulation.
Hyperplasia is tightly control.
However, there is a risk of malignancy (cancer).
what is metaplasia
Replacement of one adult cell type with another adult cell type.
what causes metaplasia
cell stress
reprogramming of stem cell differentiation rather than a change in phenotype of already differentiated cells.
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
what is apoptosis triggered by
caspases
what do caspases do
Caspases cleave other proteins in order to carry out programmed cell death (apoptosis).
what is the intrinsic pathway responsible for
most physiological or pathological apoptosis and relies on mitochondria and the release of cytochrome C in the cytoplasm.
what is necrosis
Death due to metabolic failure or disruption of the cell membrane.
what happens during necrosis
Induces an inflammatory response.
Cell membranes falls apart and the cytoplasm including enzymes leaks to surrounding tissue.
what are the types of cellular necrosis based on morphology
Coagulative necrosis – most common
Colliquative necrosis – tissue liquefication in the brain
Gangrene - necrosis with putrefaction
Fat necrosis – pancreatic disease
Fibrinoid
Caseous (cheese like) – yellow/white appearance of the necrotic area. Common in tuberculosis, appearance of structureless tissue without clear cell outlines.
how is necrosis detected
from blood samples through the detection of specific proteins.
what is autophagy
cellular sef eating
why does autophagy occur
due to lack of nutrients
how does autophagy take place
Autophagosomes are created from the endoplasmic reticulum membranes and they engulf part of the cytoplasm and organelles.
Digestion of the autophagosome (autophagic vacuole) content provides nutrients for cell survival.
