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Foundations of health and disease > muscles and skeleton > Flashcards

muscles and skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

what are the shapes of muscle

A
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2
Q

what are the functions of bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • blood formation
  • mineral storage
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3
Q

what makes up the axial skeleton

A
  • cranium
  • hyoid
  • verterbral collumn
  • ribs
  • sternum
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4
Q

what makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

upper and lower limbs

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5
Q

what are the features of long bones

A
  • tubular
  • long axis
  • 2 ends that articulate with other bones
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6
Q

what are the features of short bones

A

cuboidal

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7
Q

what are the features of flat bones

A

flat
thin
possibly curved
protect internal organs

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8
Q

what are the features of sesamoid bones

A

lie within tendons

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9
Q

what are the features of irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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10
Q

what is a notch

A

depression
an indentation

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11
Q

what is a fossa

A

a shallower depression

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12
Q

what is a formen

A

opening that gives passage to nerves and vessels

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13
Q

what is a head

A

a head fits into a fossa forming a joint

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14
Q

what is a condyle

A

in pairs and rounded

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15
Q

what is A facet

A

smooth surface that is flat or slightly curved

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16
Q

what is a joint

A

junction point between two or more bones

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17
Q

what are the uniaxial joints

A

plane
pivot
hinge

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18
Q

what are the biaxial joints

A

saddle
condyloid

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19
Q

what is the multiaxial joint

A

ball-and-socket

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20
Q

what do ligaments do

A

strenghten, stablise and limit joints

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21
Q

what is ossification

A

producing new bone

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22
Q

how do bones fracture

A

Any bone can be fractures if it is loaded enough

Systematically weakened bone has a lower breaking point

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23
Q

how do bone fractures heal

A

Bone heals quickly due to its plentiful bone supply

The blood clot, encourages the growth of a cartilage bridge*

Followed by osteoblasts laying down new rough or ‘woven’ bone

This is then remodeled into organised lamellar bone

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24
Q

what are the types of bone fractures

A
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25
Q

what is skeletal muscle

A

attaches bone to skin

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26
Q

does skeletal muscle do

A

It is mostly voluntary, maintains posture, stabilises joints and generates heat.

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27
Q

what is the connective tissue in the skeletal muscles

A

epimysium wraps around muscle, perimysium wraps around fascicles in the muscle and endomysium wraps around muscle fibres.

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28
Q

what is at the end of skeletal muscles

A

they combine at the end to form tendons

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29
Q

what is a myocyte

A

skeletal muslce cell

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30
Q

what are the features of myocytes

A
  • The cell membrane is the sarcolemma and the cytoplasm is the sarcoplasm
  • It contains the sarcoplasmic reticulum which stores calcium
  • It has T tubules which project to the sarcolemma to the center of the muscle
  • myofibrils which contain thin actin and thick myosin arragned into sarcomeres
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31
Q

what is the mechanism for skeletal muscle contraction

A
  • motor neurons release ACh receptors onto sarcolemma
  • Ions shift across the sarcolemma down t tubules
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium into the sarcoplasm
  • Actin myosin binds and the sarcomeres contract
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum retrieve calcium in the muscle relaxes
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32
Q

what is the location of skeletal muscle

A

attached to bones

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33
Q

what is the location of smooth muscle

A

forms walls of hollow organs
lines blood vessels,glands

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34
Q

what is the location of cardiac muslce

A

heart

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35
Q

what is the neurological control of skeletal muscle

A

is mainly voluntary
has some involuntary reactions i.e. shivvering

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36
Q

what is the innervation of the skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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37
Q

what is the neurotransmitters of all muslces

A

ACh

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38
Q

what is the neurological control of smooth muscle

A

involuntary

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39
Q

what is the innervation of smooth muscle

A

autonomic nervous system

40
Q

what is the innervation of the cardiac muscle

A

autonomic

41
Q

what is the neurological control of cardiac muscle

A

involuntary

42
Q

what is the functions of skeletal muscle

A

movement, posture, stabilisation of body
shivering
voluntary control of sphincter

43
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle

A

movement of food
bladder emptying
vessel diameter
pupil size
contraction of glands

44
Q

what is the function of cardiac muslce

A

propulsion of blood

45
Q

what are the skeletal cell characteristics

A

long
cyndrical
striated

46
Q

what are the smooth cell characteristics

A

spindle-shaped

47
Q

what are the cardiac cell characteristics

A

cyndrical
striated
branched

48
Q

how are the skeletal cells nucleated

A

multiple

49
Q

how are the smooth cells nucleated

A

one

50
Q

how are the cardiac cells nucleated

A

one

51
Q

what is an agonist muscle

A

the prime mover

52
Q

what is an antagonist muscle

A

opposes the agonist

53
Q

what is the synergist muscle

A

prevents unwanted movements

54
Q

what is a fixer muscle

A

increases agnosit but does not move on its own

55
Q

how do cardiac muscles regenerate

A

In cardiac muscle there are no stem cells so damage to cardiac muscle leads to ca collagenous scar

56
Q

how do skeletal muscles regenerate

A

Skeletal muscles have satellite cells which can divide from new muscle cells after tissue damage

57
Q

what are the heart wall layers

A

epicardium-covers the surface of the heart
myocardium-middle muscular layer
endocardium- innermost layer
pericardium- double layer sac

58
Q

what is in the myocardium

A
  • cardiac muscle cells that are stirated with many mitochondria
  • cardiac myocytes that are striated cells with fibourous cardiac skeleton- coronary vessles penetrate into the myocardium
59
Q

what is in the endocardium

A

made of thin epithelial layer
lines heart chamber and valves

60
Q

what is in the pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium is the outer layer, tough which anchors heart within the mediastinum

61
Q

what is the serous pericardium

A

simple squamous epitherlium layer

62
Q

what is the pariteal pericardium

A

lines fibrous pericardium

63
Q

what are neuromuscular junctions

A

Specialized intercellular connections between a neuron and a muscle cell (myocyte)

64
Q

what is the excitation-contraction coupling (ECC)

A

stimulation causes myocyte to contract

65
Q

where is ACh found

A

The skeletal neuromuscular junctions
The synapse of the vagus nerve
The cardiac muscle fibers
Synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system
A range of sites in the central nervous system

66
Q

what is the Ach functional antagonist used for

A

increasae muscle relaxation

67
Q

what is the Ach functional agonist used for

A

treat diseases such as myasthenia gravs

68
Q

what is the muscle structure

A

msucle fibre
fasciculus
endomysium
perimysium
fascia

69
Q

label this

A
70
Q

what are the ionic events in muscle contraction

A

ACh binds to the receptor, Na+ influx
Depolarisation and stimulation of Ca2+ channels of sarcoplasmic reticulum that now open
Calcium flows into the sarcoplasm increasing Ca2+ levels, moving troponin/tropomyosin out of the groove, and allowing myosin to interact with actin
ATP cleaved and sarcomere contracts
Ca2+ returned to sarcoplasmic reticulum by Ca2+ pumps
Muscle fibre relaxes

71
Q

how is calcium regulated in cross bridges

A

the groove in the thin filament needs to be exposed since the actin with binding sites is blocked by tropomyosin and troponin
troponin complex binds to calcium
troponin complex changes
actin and myosin able to interact and form cross bridge

72
Q

what is tension

A

how much force is generated by muscle contraction

73
Q

what is twitch

A

a single contraction of a muscle fiber

74
Q

what is tetany

A

abnormal excitability of myoctye

75
Q

what is rigor mortis

A

Breathing ceases after death so cells rapidly deplete ATP
In muscles this means Ca2+ cannot be pumped back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca2+ remains high in the sarcoplasm allowing crossbridge cycle contraction
The cross bridge cycle stops just after the power stroke with myosin still bound to actin (and the muscle contracted)
Rigor mortis ends when muscle tissue degrades

76
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

Rare long-term condition causing weakness in the skeletal muscles
Condition normally worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest
Caused by antibody driven auto-immune reaction against the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction

77
Q

what is synarthrosis (fibrous joint)

A

bones united by fibrous tissue
little to no movement

78
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

Two bones linked by cartilage (slightly movable joints)

79
Q

what are 2 types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondrosis
symphysis

80
Q

what are Synchondrosis

A

bones are bound by hyaline cartilage, may ossify to synostosis (bony joint)

81
Q

what is symphysis

A

two bones joined by fibrocartilage, generally located in the midline of the body.

82
Q

what are synovial joints (diarthroses)

A

Synovial joints (diarthrosis) provide free movement between the bones they join.

83
Q

what are the parts of synovial joints

A

Joint (articular) cavity – separates articular surfaces, contains synovial fluid
Synovial fluid – joint lubricating fluid, removes wastes, absorbs shock, distributes stress across articular surfaces
Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage that covers the articulating surfaces
Reinforced by ligaments – extrinsic and intrinsic to the joint capsule

84
Q

what is cortical (compact bone)

A

outer shell of the bone

85
Q

what is trabecular/cancellous (spongy) bone

A

underneath joint surfaces

86
Q

what is the medullary (marrow) cavity

A

space in the diaphysis of a long bone that contains bone marrow

87
Q

what happens in endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilaginous template continuously grows and is progressively replaced by bone
different ossification centres emerge
primary in diaphysis and secondary in the epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate (growth plate) emerges between diaphysis and epiphysis

88
Q

what is the growth plate - bone

A

Where epiphyseal cartilage converts to bone

Results in bone elongation

89
Q

what is intramembranous ossificaton

A

Direct mineralisation of connective tissue (mesenchyme) – NO cartilage

Grows radially from a primary ossification centre

90
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

Deposit collagen and bone matrix called osteoid

91
Q

what do osteocytes do?

A

Former osteoblasts trapped in formed bone communicate through small channels called canaliculi

Sense bone loading and trigger differentiation and activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

92
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

Secretes organic acids to dissolve mineral component of bone; enzymes to destroy organic osteoid matrix

Resorb bone tissue for remodeling and to free calcium to the blood stream

Found in Howship lacuna (resorption bay)

93
Q

what is bone remodelling

A

cycle of resorption and formation that optimizes bone structure = maintenance

94
Q

what is bone modelling

A

bone formation without prior resorption – results in an increase in bone mass, bone growth and maintenance of bone strength

95
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

osteoporotic bone has few plates and thin struts
Caused by lower than normal bone mass growth or abnormal bone loss
Can lead to collapse of vertebral bodies

96
Q

what is Imbalances in bone remodeling caused by

A

Lack of Exercise
Hormonal changes: e.g. Menopause or Acromegaly
Lack of proper dietary intake:
Vitamin A is essential for bone remodeling
Vitamin C is essential for connective tissue
Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption

Foundations of health and disease (21 decks)

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