Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

List the main structures in the thoracic region

A

Vertebral column, ribs, intercostal spaces, costal cartilages, sternum

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2
Q

What is the function of the thoracic cage?

A

Protect vital organs, provide muscle attachments, assist respiration

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3
Q

How many vertebrae in the thoracic region?

A

12 (alongside sternum and 12 pairs of ribs)

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4
Q

List the features of a typical thoracic vertebra

A

Body, pedicles, vertebral foramen, articular processes, costal facets, transverse processes, lamina, spinous processes

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5
Q

Describe the articulations of atypical T1

A

Articulates with a single facet of its own rib

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6
Q

What do T10 and 11 lack?

A

Inferior demi-facets on their bodies

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7
Q

What do T11 and 12 lack and what do they articulate only with?

A

Lack transverse costal facets, articulate only with heads of their own ribs

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8
Q

What is the rule of three?

A

1-3 SP and TP equal, 4-6 SP 1/2 level below TP, S7-9 SP 1 level below TP, 10 1 level below, 11 1/2 level below, 12 equal

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9
Q

List the points of relation

A
C2= prominent
C6 disappears on extension
C7 = vertebra prominens
T3 = root of spine of scapula
T7 = inferior angle of scapula
L4 = iliac crest
S2 = PSIS
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10
Q

List the types of ribs and how many

A

True ribs (7 upper), false ribs (remaining 5 pairs), floating ribs (11 and 12)

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11
Q

What are costal cartilages?

A

Bars of hyaline cartilage that prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax

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12
Q

List the features of typical ribs

A

3-9, head, neck, crest, tubercle, shaft

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13
Q

List the features and attachments of first rib

A

Head, neck, tubercle, scalene tubercle, 2 grooves (subclavian artery groove and subclavian vein groove) and upper surface, rib is flat and slopes inferiorly and attaches to manubrium

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14
Q

Describe second rib

A

Like rib 1, but twice as long

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15
Q

What type of joint is the intervertebral?

A

Symphysis (fibrocartilage), secondary cartilaginous

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16
Q

What type of joint is the zygaphophyseal (facet) and what are the articulations?

A

Synovial plane, between articular processes of two adjacent-inferior process of superior vertebra and superior articular process of the vertebra below

17
Q

What type of joint is the costovertebral, joint type and articulations

A

Synovial plane

Connects ribs to vertebral column - head of rib to costal facets of corresponding vertebra and vertebra above
, heads of 1st, 11th, 12th (10th) ribs only articulate with corresponding vertebra

18
Q

List the types of costotransverse joints and articulations

A

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilaginous)

Synovial plane

Between facet of tubercle of rib and adjacent transverse process of thoracic vertebra

11th and 12th ribs don’t articulate with transverse process of vertebra

19
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the costochondral joint

A

Hyaline cartilaginous (synchondrosis/primary cartilaginous)

Between ribs and costal cartilage in the front of the rib cage, each rib has a depression shaped like a cup that costal cartilage articulates with, lateral end of costal cartilage and sternal end of rib

20
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the interchondral joints

A

6-9th are synovial plane, 9-10th are fibrous

Costal cartilages of 6th and 7th, and 8th and 9th ribs

21
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the sternocostal (sternochondral) joints

A

2nd-7th are synovial plane, 1st rib articulates directly with the sternum and is synchondrosis (fibrocartilaginous)

Articulations are true ribs with sternum

22
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the sternoclavicular joint

A

Synovial saddle

Clavicle and manubrium of sternum and first costal cartilage, divides into two compartments with intra articular disc

23
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the manubriosternal joint

A

Secondary cartilaginous/symphysis (often fuses in old people)

Inferior border of manubrium and superior border of sternal body

24
Q

List the joint type and articulations for the xiphisternal joint

A

Synchondrosis (often fuses in old people)

Sternal body meeting with xiphoid process

25
Which muscles produce trunk flexion?
External obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus
26
Which muscles produce trunk extension?
Erector spinae
27
Which muscles produce trunkside flexion?
External obliques (ipsilateral), internal obliques (ipsilateral), rectus abdominus (ipsilateral), erector spinae (ipsilateral)
28
Which muscles produce trunk rotation?
External obliques (contralateral), internal obliques (ipsilateral), rectus abdominus (contralateral), erector spinae (ipsilateral)
29
Which muscles produce posterior pelvic tilt?
External obliques, internal obliques, rectus abdominus
30
Which muscle stabilises the lumbar spine?
Transverse abdominus
31
Which muscle extends the lumbar spine?
Quadratus lumborum
32
Which muscle produces lumbar side flexion?
Quadratus lumborum (ipsilateral)