Knee

Question 1

List the bony point of the anterior, distal femur

Answer 1

Adductor tubercle (above medial condyle), medial and lateral condyle and epicondyles, lateral buttress wall, patellar surface/trochlear, medial and lateral supraconydlar ridges

Question 2

List the bony points at the posterior, distal femur

Answer 2

Linear aspera (centre), popliteal (surface superior to condyles), intercondylar fossa

Question 3

List the bony points of the proximal tibia

Answer 3

Medial and lateral tibial condyles, tibial plateau (where femur rests), intercondylar eminence (medial and lateral tubercles), tibial tuberosity (anterior), anterior tibial crest

Question 4

List the bony points at the proximal fibula and attachments of the fibular nerve

Answer 4

Head and neck, apex (styloid process) *common fibular/peroneal nerve inserts into the posterior part of the head of the fibula from the lateral side of the popliteal fossa

Question 5

List the bony points of the patella

Answer 5

Sesamoid bone within quadriceps tendon, triangular shaped, base superior, apex inferior, medial and lateral borders

Question 6

Describe knee joint, note type and articulations

Answer 6

Largest synovial (bicondylar modified hinge with 2 degrees of freedom), 3 articulations, femoral and tibial condyles, meniscis attaching to tibial articular surfaces

Question 7

Describe the patellofemoral joint, note type and articulations

Answer 7

Synovial saddle, articulates between patellar and femoral articular surfaces

Question 8

Describe the superior tibiofibular joint, note type, articulations, movements and ligaments

Answer 8

Synovial plane, articulates head of fibula, tibial lateral condyle, capsule attached around joint margins, ligaments - anterior and posterior ligaments of the fibular head, movements - small rotations and glides during dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 9

Describe the femoral condyles

Answer 9

Medial - projects more dismally
Lateral - projects more anteriorly
Covered in hyaline cartilage

Question 10

Describe the tibial articular surface

Answer 10

Concave centrally, flatter peripherally, covered in semi-lunar cartilages (menisci), medial tibial condyle projects antero-posteriorly to accommodate for medial femoral condyle, covered in articular cartilage

Question 11

What does “patellar function” mean?

Answer 11

Improvement in mechanical efficiency of quadriceps by increasing lever arm and angular torque (force = rotation)

Question 12

Where is Hoffa’s fat pad located?

Answer 12

Posterior to patella tendon and anterior to joint capsule

Question 13

Describe the medial meniscus, note shape and ligament attachments

Answer 13

C shaped, narrower and thinner, less mobile, easier to damage, 2 horns - anterior attaches to intercondylar area and ACL, transverse and coronary, posterior attaches PCL, posterior horn of lateral meniscus, blends with MCL capsule

Question 14

Describe the lateral meniscus, note shape and ligament attachments

Answer 14

O shaped, 2 horns - anterior attaches transverse and coronary ligaments, anterior intercondylar eminence posterior to ACL, and posterior horn’s intercondylar area is anterior to posterior horn of medial meniscus

Question 15

Describe the features and function of meniscus

Answer 15

Enhances tibio-femoral joint stability by deepening the tibial articular surface, acting as shock absorbers, conforming to changing shape of femoral condyles during knee movement, outer borders thick and vascular, inner borders thin and avascular

Question 16

Describe the coronary ligament attachments

Answer 16

Medial and lateral, attaches borders of menisci to tibial plateau

Question 17

List the ACL attachments

Answer 17

Anterior intercondylar area of tibia, runs posteriorly, laterally and superiorly, posterior part of intercondylar area of lateral femoral condyle

Question 18

List the PCL attachments

Answer 18

Posterior part of intercondylar area of tibia, runs amteriorly, medially and superiorly, lateral surface of medial femoral condyle

Question 19

Describe MCL, list shape, attachments and limits

Answer 19

Broad and flat, fan shaped, 10 cm, from medial epicondyle of femur to medial proximal shaft of tibia, blends with knee joint capsule and medial meniscus, limits valgus (lower leg out), movement of tibia on femur

Question 20

Describe LCL, note shape, attachments and limits

Answer 20

Strong, rounded cord, proximal from lateral femoral epicondyle and distally from the apex of the head of the fibula, no connection with capsule or meniscus, limits varus movement of tibia on femur (lower leg in)

Question 21

Describe the location of the suprapatellar bursa

Answer 21

Superior and deeper than patella

Question 22

Describe the location of the prepatellar bursa

Answer 22

Between patella and skin

Question 23

Describe the location of the superficial infrapatellar bursa

Answer 23

Inferior to patella

Question 24

Describe the location of the deep infrapatellar bursa

Answer 24

Above tibia anteriorly

Question 25

Describe the location of the pes anserinus

Answer 25

In tibia

Question 26

Describe the location of the semimembranosus bursa

Answer 26

Posterior to femur and tibia articulation

Question 27

List the degrees, muscles and limits of knee extension

Answer 27

0-5(hyper), rectus femoris, vastus medialis, intermedialis and lateralis, limits - posterior capsule, ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL, oblique popliteal ligament, tension in antagonists

Question 28

List the degrees, muscles and limits knee flexion

Answer 28

135, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, sartorius, popliteus, gastrocnemius limits - soft tissue apposition, patellar tendon, PCL

Question 29

List the degrees, muscles and limits of medial and lateral rotation

Answer 29

In 90 degree flexion - medial 20-30, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, sartorius, popliteus, lateral 30-40 biceps femoris limits - antagonist tension

Question 30

Which muscles are innovated by the femoral nerve?

Answer 30

Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, lateralis, intermedialis, sartorius

Question 31

Which muscles are innovated by the sciatic nerve ?

Answer 31

Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus

Question 32

Which muscles are innovated by the obturator nerve?

Answer 32

Gracialis, adductors longus, Magnus and brevis

Question 33

Which muscles are innovated by the tibial nerve?

Answer 33

Gastrocnemius and popliteus