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Anna Revision > General Questions > Flashcards

General Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Define a joint

A

A site where two or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them

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2
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

No joint cavity, space between bones encapsulated by a synovial membrane and articular cartilage, fibrous connective tissue holding together bones

E.g. coronal structure, gomphosis (tooth), syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)

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3
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

No joint cavity

E.g. symphysis (IV disc, 2 adjacent bones joined by fibrocartilage), synchondrosis (almost immovable, e.g. costochondral, tends to be hyaline cartilage)

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4
Q

What are the features of a synovial joint?

A

Ligaments, articular disc(s), articular/joint capsule, brusae, fat pad(s), synovial membrane (lubricates joint), synovial fluid in capsular space

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5
Q

List a ball and socket joint d of f, movements, articulations and examples

A

F/e, ab/ad, med/lat rotate

Convex ball and concave socket

Hip, shoulder

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6
Q

Give examples of synovial pivot joints

A

Neck, superior and inferior radioulnar and atlas and axis

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7
Q

List ellipsoid joint articulations, movements amid example

A

Combed surface received by concave surface

2 degrees of freedom, 2 axes and planes

Radiocarpal

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8
Q

List function, movements and examples for synovial plane joints

A

Gliding/sliding, contribute to greater function of region, intercarpal and intertarsal

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9
Q

List articulations, movements and examples of synovial saddle joints

A

Biconcave

F/e, ad/ab

Patellofemoral, carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular

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10
Q

List movements and give an example for a synovial hinge

A

F/e

Elbow

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11
Q

What is physiological movement?

A

Voluntary, a body movement in relation to another e.g. f/e

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12
Q

Describe and give examples of accessory movement

A

Involuntary, small gliding adjustments between joint surfaces, facilitate smooth and full movement

Spin, roll, slide, glide

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13
Q

What limits joint movement?

A

Ligaments, antagonist, bones, soft tissue

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14
Q

What is full congruence in a joint?

A

Close packed joint

E.g. knee locked in extension

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15
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Produce movement and locomotion

Maintain posture against gravity

Stabilise joints and limit unwanted movement

Protect and support viscera

Store carbohydrates at glycogen

Produce body heat

Give contour to body

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16
Q

What is a multipennate muscle?

A

Lots of striations for power and strength e.g. deltoid

17
Q

What is a fusiform muscle?

A

Wider in centre, multiple origins e.g. biceps brachii

18
Q

What is a circular muscle?

A

Any orifice

19
Q

What is a convergent muscle?

A

Lots of muscle fibres converging at one point, e.g. pectoralis major

20
Q

What is a bipennate muscle?

A

Two lots of striations in a muscle, e.g. rectus femoris

21
Q

What is a parallel muscle?

A

Fibres over a long distance, e.g. sartorius (longest muscle)

22
Q

What is a unipennate muscle?

A

Digital extensor

23
Q

What does pennate mean?

A

Striation

24
Q

What is the function of a tendon?

A

Contraction of muscle pull

Attach to small bony area

Alteration of direction of muscle

25
Q

What is an agaonist?

A

Prime mover

26
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Opposes agonist

27
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Steadies base (proximal attachment of agonist)

28
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Improves quality and control by preventing unwanted movements in adjacent joints

29
Q

What is isometric muscle work?

A

Static, tension increase no length change, internal muscle tension = external force applied

30
Q

What is an eccentric muscle contraction?

A

Muscle lengthening, internal muscle force greater than external muscle force

31
Q

Describe a concentric muscle contraction

A

Muscle shortens, internal force is greater than external muscle force

32
Q

What is active insufficiency?

A

Agonist cannot shorten to produce full ROM at both joints

33
Q

What is passive insufficiency?

A

Antagonist cannot be passively lengthened enough to allow full movement at both joints

34
Q

What is a long bone?

A

Typical lower and lower extremities, provides strength, structure and mobility, hard and dense

E.g. clavical, humerus, radius, ulna, martacarpal, metatarsal, femur, tibia and fibula

35
Q

What are short bones?

A

Provide support and stability, little to no movement, as wide as long (cube)

E.g. carpals and tarsals

36
Q

What are flat bones?

A

Protection/attachments

E.g. nasal, sternum, scapula, pelvis, ribs

37
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

Many functions:

E.g: vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone

38
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bone embedded in tendon, smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increases tendon’s ability to transmit muscular forces

E.g: patella, pisiform

Anna Revision (13 decks)

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