General Questions Flashcards
Define a joint
A site where two or more bones join together, whether or not a movement occurs between them
What is a fibrous joint?
No joint cavity, space between bones encapsulated by a synovial membrane and articular cartilage, fibrous connective tissue holding together bones
E.g. coronal structure, gomphosis (tooth), syndesmosis (interosseous membrane)
What is a cartilaginous joint?
No joint cavity
E.g. symphysis (IV disc, 2 adjacent bones joined by fibrocartilage), synchondrosis (almost immovable, e.g. costochondral, tends to be hyaline cartilage)
What are the features of a synovial joint?
Ligaments, articular disc(s), articular/joint capsule, brusae, fat pad(s), synovial membrane (lubricates joint), synovial fluid in capsular space
List a ball and socket joint d of f, movements, articulations and examples
F/e, ab/ad, med/lat rotate
Convex ball and concave socket
Hip, shoulder
Give examples of synovial pivot joints
Neck, superior and inferior radioulnar and atlas and axis
List ellipsoid joint articulations, movements amid example
Combed surface received by concave surface
2 degrees of freedom, 2 axes and planes
Radiocarpal
List function, movements and examples for synovial plane joints
Gliding/sliding, contribute to greater function of region, intercarpal and intertarsal
List articulations, movements and examples of synovial saddle joints
Biconcave
F/e, ad/ab
Patellofemoral, carpometacarpal, sternoclavicular
List movements and give an example for a synovial hinge
F/e
Elbow
What is physiological movement?
Voluntary, a body movement in relation to another e.g. f/e
Describe and give examples of accessory movement
Involuntary, small gliding adjustments between joint surfaces, facilitate smooth and full movement
Spin, roll, slide, glide
What limits joint movement?
Ligaments, antagonist, bones, soft tissue
What is full congruence in a joint?
Close packed joint
E.g. knee locked in extension
What are the functions of muscles?
Produce movement and locomotion
Maintain posture against gravity
Stabilise joints and limit unwanted movement
Protect and support viscera
Store carbohydrates at glycogen
Produce body heat
Give contour to body
What is a multipennate muscle?
Lots of striations for power and strength e.g. deltoid
What is a fusiform muscle?
Wider in centre, multiple origins e.g. biceps brachii
What is a circular muscle?
Any orifice
What is a convergent muscle?
Lots of muscle fibres converging at one point, e.g. pectoralis major
What is a bipennate muscle?
Two lots of striations in a muscle, e.g. rectus femoris
What is a parallel muscle?
Fibres over a long distance, e.g. sartorius (longest muscle)
What is a unipennate muscle?
Digital extensor
What does pennate mean?
Striation
What is the function of a tendon?
Contraction of muscle pull
Attach to small bony area
Alteration of direction of muscle
What is an agaonist?
Prime mover
What is an antagonist?
Opposes agonist
What is a fixator?
Steadies base (proximal attachment of agonist)
What is a synergist?
Improves quality and control by preventing unwanted movements in adjacent joints
What is isometric muscle work?
Static, tension increase no length change, internal muscle tension = external force applied
What is an eccentric muscle contraction?
Muscle lengthening, internal muscle force greater than external muscle force
Describe a concentric muscle contraction
Muscle shortens, internal force is greater than external muscle force
What is active insufficiency?
Agonist cannot shorten to produce full ROM at both joints
What is passive insufficiency?
Antagonist cannot be passively lengthened enough to allow full movement at both joints
What is a long bone?
Typical lower and lower extremities, provides strength, structure and mobility, hard and dense
E.g. clavical, humerus, radius, ulna, martacarpal, metatarsal, femur, tibia and fibula
What are short bones?
Provide support and stability, little to no movement, as wide as long (cube)
E.g. carpals and tarsals
What are flat bones?
Protection/attachments
E.g. nasal, sternum, scapula, pelvis, ribs
What are irregular bones?
Many functions:
E.g: vertebrae, sacrum, hyoid bone
What are sesamoid bones?
Bone embedded in tendon, smooth surface for tendons to slide over, increases tendon’s ability to transmit muscular forces
E.g: patella, pisiform
