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Clinical Anatomy > Thoracic Skeleton, Thoracic Wall, Lungs > Flashcards

Thoracic Skeleton, Thoracic Wall, Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

A

Upper limb, pelvis, lower limb

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2
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton?

A

Head, neck, ribs, spine

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3
Q

What is the anterior attachment for ribs?

A

sternum

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4
Q

what is the posterior attachment for ribs?

A

thoracic vertebra

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5
Q

function of the thoracic skeleton

A

attachment for upper limb
protection and landmarks to viscera of the thorax and superior abdominal cavity
openings for communication
movement for respiration

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6
Q

what makes up the sternoclavicular joint

A

sternum and clavicle

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7
Q

what bones make up the sternum?

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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8
Q

what makes up the manubriosternal joint?

A

manubrium and body of sternum

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9
Q

what makes up the xiphoid joint

A

body of sternum and xiphoid process

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10
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

membraneous partition between 2 compartments in the body

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11
Q

what is the sternal angle

A

area between the manubrium and body of sternum
same as the manubriosternal joint
palpable landmark at the level of 2nd rib anteriorly
divides inferior and superior mediastinum

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12
Q

what makes up the sternocostal joint

A

costal cartilage and sternum

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13
Q

what makes up the costochondral joint

A

costal cartilage and ribs

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14
Q

what is the purpose of costal cartilage

A

increase elasticity of the structure

allows for better movement when breathing

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15
Q

what is the costal margin

A

inferior boundary of the anterior thoracic wall
inferolateral from xiphoid
attachment for diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles
palpable landmark for thoracic and abdominal cavities

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16
Q

what makes up the false ribs

A

ribs 8-10

costal cartilage attaches to the next superior costal cartilage

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17
Q

what are true ribs

A

costal cartilage articulates with sternum directly

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18
Q

what makes up the costovertebral joint

A

ribs and vertebra

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19
Q

what makes up the costotransverse joint

A

ribs and transverse process

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20
Q

where do ribs articulate superiorly

A

inferior costal facet of superior vertebral body

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21
Q

where do ribs articulate posteriorly on the thoracic vertebra

A

superior costal facet of the same rib

ex - rib 5 articulates with superior costal facet of veterbra 5

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22
Q

what is the angle of rib

A

the area that the rib is most bent
weakest point of the bone
area where trauma commonly occurs

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23
Q

what structure articulates with the sternum and ribs anteriorly

A

costal cartilage

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24
Q

what structure articulates with the thoracic vertebra and ribs posteriorly

A

costovertebral joint

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25
Q

the esophagus must pass through what structure to reach the abdomen

A

diaphram

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26
Q

during inspiration, how does the pressure and volume change in the thoracic cavity

A

pressure decreases and volume increases

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27
Q

during expiration, how does pressure and volume change

A

pressure increases, volume decreases

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28
Q

during inspiration, how do the ribs move

A

up and out

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29
Q

during expiration, how do the ribs move

A

down and in

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30
Q

during inspiration, how does the diaphragm move

A

the diaphragm flattens and contracts

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31
Q

during expiration, how does the diaphram move

A

relaxes and raises

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32
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

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33
Q

what spinal roots innervate the phrenic nerve

A

C3, C4, C5

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34
Q

what is inferior of the right dome of the diaphragm

A

liver

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35
Q

where is the right dome of the diaphragm at rest

A

5th rib

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36
Q

what is inferior to the left dome of the diaphram

A

stomach and spleen

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37
Q

where is the left dome located at rest

A

5th intercostal space

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38
Q

what connects the diaphragm to the fibrous pericardium of the heart

A

central tendon

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39
Q

what are the inferior attachments of the diaphragm

A 
Xiphoid process of sternum
costal margin
ends of ribs 11 and 12
arcuate ligaments across posterior wall
lumbar vertebrae
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40
Q

what passes through the caval opening/vena cava hiatus

A

inferior vena cava

right phrenic nerve

41
Q

what passes through the esophageal hiatus

A

esophagus

vagal trunks

42
Q

what structure is pulled on when the diaphragm contracts

A

central tendon

43
Q

what muscles are used during forced inspiration

A

accessory muscles and diaphram

44
Q

what nerves innervate the intercostal muscles

A

intercostal nerves

45
Q

what nerve roots innervate the intercostal nerves

A

T2-T11

46
Q

what structure passes through the diaphragm at T8

A

inferior vena cava

47
Q

what is the superior attachment of the diaphragm

A

central tendon (attaches to fibrous cartilage)

48
Q

when the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases (T/F)

A

true

49
Q

what muscles are considered “thoracic wall muscles” or muscles that attach to the wall of the thoracic from other regions of the body

A

pectroalis major/minor
serratus anterior
sternoclemastoid and scalene muscles
external oblique and rectus abdominus

50
Q

pectoralis major attachment origin and insertion

A

origin: sternum and clavicle
innsertion: intertubercular groove of humerus

51
Q

pectoralis major action

A

flexion, adduction, internal rotation of humerus

52
Q

pectoralis minor origin and insertion

A

origin: coracoid process
innervation: ribs 3-5

53
Q

pectoralis minor function

A

abduction and internal rotation of scapula

54
Q

serratus anterior origin and insertion

A

origin: anteriorly on ribs 1-8
insertion: medial margin of scapula

55
Q

serratus anterior function

A

scapula protraction

56
Q

sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion

A

origin: manubrium
insertion: sternum and clavicle

57
Q

sternocleidomastoid function

A

rotation of head

58
Q

external oblique and rectus abdominis function

A

trunk flection and rotation

59
Q

what muscles are considered to be true thoracic wall muscles

A

transverse throacis
subcostal muscles
serratus posterior superior/inferior

60
Q

characteristics of subcostal muscles

A

crosses 2 levels

intercostal muscle layers are between each rib

61
Q

where can you find the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve

A

between internal and innermost intercostal muscles

62
Q

function of the intercostal muscles (external, internal, innermost)

A

maintain structure of throacic wall
participate in rib movement during respiration
inner layers hold nerurovasculature superficial and deep

63
Q

function of external intercostal muscles

A

elevate ribs during inspiration

64
Q

where do the external intercostal membrane replace muscles fibers

A

to the sternum anteriorly

65
Q

what is the function of internal intercostal muscles

A

middle layer

depress ribs during active expiration

66
Q

how to the internal intercostal muscles run

A

oh my

67
Q

where does the internal intercostal membrane replace the muscle fibers

A

to the vertebral bodies posterior

68
Q

where an you find the innermost intercostal muscles

A

mostly found along the lateral section of the throacic wall

69
Q

what can be found between the innermost and internal intercostal muscle layers

A

intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (VAN)

70
Q

what veins are located in the throacic wall

A

azygos system and superior vena cava

71
Q

what arteries are located in the thoracic wall

A

anterior and posterior intercostal arteries

subclavian and aorta - main sources

72
Q

where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into

A

azygos system

73
Q

where does the azygos vein drain to

A

superior vena cava

74
Q

what makes up the azygos system

A

accessory hemiazygos vein

hemi-azygos vein

75
Q

where do posterior intercostal veins drain directly into at superior levels

A

brachiocephalic veins

76
Q

anterior intercostal veins drain into

A

internal thoracic veins

77
Q

internal thoracic veins drain into

A

brachiocephalic vein

78
Q

what are the two main sources of anterior and posterior blood supply

A

subclavian artery

throacic aorta

79
Q

internal thoracic artery arises from

A

subclavian artery

80
Q

anterior intercostal arteries arise from the

A

internal thoracic artery

81
Q

1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise from

A

costocervical trunk

82
Q

costocervical trunk arises from

A

subclavian artery

83
Q

posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries arise from

A

thoracic aorta

84
Q

what somatic nerves are located in the thoracic wall

A

intercostal (T1-T11)

subcostal (T12)

85
Q

anterior and ventral rami at the thoracic level continue as

A

the intercostal nerves

86
Q

what is the function of sympathetic innervation in the periphery

A

activate sweat glands
cause hair follicles to stand on end
vasoconstriction

87
Q

the intercostal veins drain into what main venous system

A

azygos

88
Q

what is the lining called that encloses the lungs in the thoracic cavity

A

pleura

89
Q

what is the mediastinum

A

centrally located between both lung cavities

90
Q

what is the function of the parietal pleura

A

covers the inner walls of the thoracic cavity

91
Q

what is the function of the visceral pleura

A

covers the surface of the lungs

92
Q

where does the cervical or apical parietal pleura line

A

parietal pleura that adjacent to the apex of the lung

93
Q

what is the function of the costal pleura

A

lines the inner costal surfaces

covers inner aspect of the ribs

94
Q

what ribs are floating ribs?

A

ribs 9-12

95
Q

CT scan showed fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity. When the patient stands, where will the fluid drain to?

A

costodiaphramatic recess

96
Q

What muscle would be affected if a patient has C4 dorsal ramus transected?

A

serratus posterior superior

97
Q

The parietal pleura is innervated by somatic nerve for pain sensory detection. What nerve provides innervation around mediastinal parietal pleura?

A

phrenic nerve

98
Q

An infant swallows a Lego which is now lodged in the lung. What lobe of the lung could you find the Lego?

A

Right lower lobe

Clinical Anatomy (14 decks)

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