Thoracic Skeleton, Thoracic Wall, Lungs Flashcards
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Upper limb, pelvis, lower limb
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Head, neck, ribs, spine
What is the anterior attachment for ribs?
sternum
what is the posterior attachment for ribs?
thoracic vertebra
function of the thoracic skeleton
attachment for upper limb
protection and landmarks to viscera of the thorax and superior abdominal cavity
openings for communication
movement for respiration
what makes up the sternoclavicular joint
sternum and clavicle
what bones make up the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
what makes up the manubriosternal joint?
manubrium and body of sternum
what makes up the xiphoid joint
body of sternum and xiphoid process
what is the mediastinum
membraneous partition between 2 compartments in the body
what is the sternal angle
area between the manubrium and body of sternum
same as the manubriosternal joint
palpable landmark at the level of 2nd rib anteriorly
divides inferior and superior mediastinum
what makes up the sternocostal joint
costal cartilage and sternum
what makes up the costochondral joint
costal cartilage and ribs
what is the purpose of costal cartilage
increase elasticity of the structure
allows for better movement when breathing
what is the costal margin
inferior boundary of the anterior thoracic wall
inferolateral from xiphoid
attachment for diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles
palpable landmark for thoracic and abdominal cavities
what makes up the false ribs
ribs 8-10
costal cartilage attaches to the next superior costal cartilage
what are true ribs
costal cartilage articulates with sternum directly
what makes up the costovertebral joint
ribs and vertebra
what makes up the costotransverse joint
ribs and transverse process
where do ribs articulate superiorly
inferior costal facet of superior vertebral body
where do ribs articulate posteriorly on the thoracic vertebra
superior costal facet of the same rib
ex - rib 5 articulates with superior costal facet of veterbra 5
what is the angle of rib
the area that the rib is most bent
weakest point of the bone
area where trauma commonly occurs
what structure articulates with the sternum and ribs anteriorly
costal cartilage
what structure articulates with the thoracic vertebra and ribs posteriorly
costovertebral joint
the esophagus must pass through what structure to reach the abdomen
diaphram
during inspiration, how does the pressure and volume change in the thoracic cavity
pressure decreases and volume increases
during expiration, how does pressure and volume change
pressure increases, volume decreases
during inspiration, how do the ribs move
up and out
during expiration, how do the ribs move
down and in
during inspiration, how does the diaphragm move
the diaphragm flattens and contracts
during expiration, how does the diaphram move
relaxes and raises
what nerve innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
what spinal roots innervate the phrenic nerve
C3, C4, C5
what is inferior of the right dome of the diaphragm
liver
where is the right dome of the diaphragm at rest
5th rib
what is inferior to the left dome of the diaphram
stomach and spleen
where is the left dome located at rest
5th intercostal space
what connects the diaphragm to the fibrous pericardium of the heart
central tendon
what are the inferior attachments of the diaphragm
Xiphoid process of sternum costal margin ends of ribs 11 and 12 arcuate ligaments across posterior wall lumbar vertebrae
what passes through the caval opening/vena cava hiatus
inferior vena cava
right phrenic nerve
what passes through the esophageal hiatus
esophagus
vagal trunks
what structure is pulled on when the diaphragm contracts
central tendon
what muscles are used during forced inspiration
accessory muscles and diaphram
what nerves innervate the intercostal muscles
intercostal nerves
what nerve roots innervate the intercostal nerves
T2-T11
what structure passes through the diaphragm at T8
inferior vena cava
what is the superior attachment of the diaphragm
central tendon (attaches to fibrous cartilage)
when the diaphragm contracts, the volume of the thoracic cavity increases (T/F)
true
what muscles are considered “thoracic wall muscles” or muscles that attach to the wall of the thoracic from other regions of the body
pectroalis major/minor
serratus anterior
sternoclemastoid and scalene muscles
external oblique and rectus abdominus
pectoralis major attachment origin and insertion
origin: sternum and clavicle
innsertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
pectoralis major action
flexion, adduction, internal rotation of humerus
pectoralis minor origin and insertion
origin: coracoid process
innervation: ribs 3-5
pectoralis minor function
abduction and internal rotation of scapula
serratus anterior origin and insertion
origin: anteriorly on ribs 1-8
insertion: medial margin of scapula
serratus anterior function
scapula protraction
sternocleidomastoid origin and insertion
origin: manubrium
insertion: sternum and clavicle
sternocleidomastoid function
rotation of head
external oblique and rectus abdominis function
trunk flection and rotation
what muscles are considered to be true thoracic wall muscles
transverse throacis
subcostal muscles
serratus posterior superior/inferior
characteristics of subcostal muscles
crosses 2 levels
intercostal muscle layers are between each rib
where can you find the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
between internal and innermost intercostal muscles
function of the intercostal muscles (external, internal, innermost)
maintain structure of throacic wall
participate in rib movement during respiration
inner layers hold nerurovasculature superficial and deep
function of external intercostal muscles
elevate ribs during inspiration
where do the external intercostal membrane replace muscles fibers
to the sternum anteriorly
what is the function of internal intercostal muscles
middle layer
depress ribs during active expiration
how to the internal intercostal muscles run
oh my
where does the internal intercostal membrane replace the muscle fibers
to the vertebral bodies posterior
where an you find the innermost intercostal muscles
mostly found along the lateral section of the throacic wall
what can be found between the innermost and internal intercostal muscle layers
intercostal vein, artery, and nerve (VAN)
what veins are located in the throacic wall
azygos system and superior vena cava
what arteries are located in the thoracic wall
anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
subclavian and aorta - main sources
where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into
azygos system
where does the azygos vein drain to
superior vena cava
what makes up the azygos system
accessory hemiazygos vein
hemi-azygos vein
where do posterior intercostal veins drain directly into at superior levels
brachiocephalic veins
anterior intercostal veins drain into
internal thoracic veins
internal thoracic veins drain into
brachiocephalic vein
what are the two main sources of anterior and posterior blood supply
subclavian artery
throacic aorta
internal thoracic artery arises from
subclavian artery
anterior intercostal arteries arise from the
internal thoracic artery
1st and 2nd posterior intercostal arteries arise from
costocervical trunk
costocervical trunk arises from
subclavian artery
posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries arise from
thoracic aorta
what somatic nerves are located in the thoracic wall
intercostal (T1-T11)
subcostal (T12)
anterior and ventral rami at the thoracic level continue as
the intercostal nerves
what is the function of sympathetic innervation in the periphery
activate sweat glands
cause hair follicles to stand on end
vasoconstriction
the intercostal veins drain into what main venous system
azygos
what is the lining called that encloses the lungs in the thoracic cavity
pleura
what is the mediastinum
centrally located between both lung cavities
what is the function of the parietal pleura
covers the inner walls of the thoracic cavity
what is the function of the visceral pleura
covers the surface of the lungs
where does the cervical or apical parietal pleura line
parietal pleura that adjacent to the apex of the lung
what is the function of the costal pleura
lines the inner costal surfaces
covers inner aspect of the ribs
what ribs are floating ribs?
ribs 9-12
CT scan showed fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity. When the patient stands, where will the fluid drain to?
costodiaphramatic recess
What muscle would be affected if a patient has C4 dorsal ramus transected?
serratus posterior superior
The parietal pleura is innervated by somatic nerve for pain sensory detection. What nerve provides innervation around mediastinal parietal pleura?
phrenic nerve
An infant swallows a Lego which is now lodged in the lung. What lobe of the lung could you find the Lego?
Right lower lobe
