Abdominal contents Flashcards
what is contained in the foregut
abdominal esophagus stomach liver 1st half of duodenum pancreas spleen
what artery supplies the foregut
celiac artery
what organs are contained in the midgut
2nd half of duodenum
jejunum
ileum
proximal 1/2 colon
what artery supplies the midgut
superior mesenteric artery
what organs are contained in the hindgut
distal half of colon
what artery supplies the hindgut
inferior mesenteric artery
what abdominal contents are found in the anterior portion of the abdomen
digestive tract and related organs
what organs are found in the posterior aspect of the abdomen
kidneys
suprarenal glands
neurovascular system
what abdominal structure is formed when the foregut rotates 90 degrees clockwise during the 3rd month of fetal development
lesser peritoneal sac
on average, how many degrees does the midgut rotate and elongate around the superior mesenteric artery
270 degrees counterclockwise
what will occur if the midgut only rotates 180 degrees during development
appendix will be located under the liver
pain near McBurney’s point (2/3 distance from naval to right ASIS)
splanchnic nerves can be disarranged
what is considered the abdominal cavity
all contents in the abdominal wall/diaphragm and pelvic inlet
describe the omentum
folding of the visceral peritoneum
covers the anterior aspect of the abdomen
what structure covers the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
greater omentum
what structure covers the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
what is the function of the mesentery, mesocolon, and falciform ligament
attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
what does the folding of the parietal peritoneum form
mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament
what does intraperitoneal mean
the structures within the peritoneum
what are the intraperitoneal organs
esophagus stomach jejunum ileum caecum appendix transverse colon sigmoid colon
describe intraperitoneal organs
organs that are entirely covered by visceral peritoneum
organs are mobile
what does retroperitoneal mean
structures that are outside of the parietal peritoneum
organs are in a fixed location
what organs are considered retroperitoneal
duodenum pancreas kidneys ascending colon descending colon
what structures are considered secondary retroperitoneal
3/4 duodenum
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
what causes an organ to be secondary retroperitoneal
“spinned” out of visceral peritoneum
organ lost mesentery during development
what considers an organ as primary
the organ never had mesentery
what organs are considered as primary retroperitoneal
distal rectum kidneys, ureters adrenal glands IVC, AA testes before descending to scrotum in males
what primary retroperitoneal organ is “spinned” into intraperitoneal
spleen
what is contained within the intraperitoneal cavity
intraperitoneal organs: esophagus stomach jejunum ileum caecum appendix transverse colon sigmoid colon
describe the lesser peritoneal sac
empty sac
recess bound by greater and lesser omentum
describe the omental foramen/foramen of Winslow
connects the lesser and greater sac
describe the hepatoduodenal ligament
connects the liver to the duodenum
contains the portal triangle
what are the portal triad contents
hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct
what spinal level is the descending aorta
T12
where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located
Lower esophagus
Between the stomach and the esophagus
where is the lower esophageal sphincter located
end of the esophagus
between the esophagus and the stomach
what is the squamocolumnar junction
transition between squamous/ectoderm to columnar/endoderm cells
failure of what sphincter leads to GERD
lower esophageal spincter
what areas of the heart are affected by an esophageal herniation
left atrium due to the location of the esophagus behind the heart
what can be found on the lesser curvature of the stomach
lesser omentum
what is located on the greater curvature of the stomach
greater omentum
what is the blood supply of the lesser curvature
right gastric artery from common hepatic artery
left gastric artery from celiac trunk
what is the blood supply for the greater curvature
right gastro-omental/epipolic artery from gastroduodenal artery
left gastro-omental/epiploic artery from splenic artery
what is the blood supply to the fundus
short gastric artery from splenic artery
trabecular branches
what is the purpose of a partial splenectomy
reserve partial functions and support stomach
what is the purpose of the stomach
digestion
limited absorption
intrinsic factor
what is the function of intrinsic factor
binds to vitamin B12 absorption, transports VB12 to the ileum and crosses epithelium, releases VB12 back into the blood stream
where are lipid soluble vitamins absorbed
small intestine, distal portion of ileum
describe the coronary triangular ligaments
parietal peritoneum fold (coronal plane)
fix liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
describe the ligament teres
in the inferior fold of falciform
connects the remnant umbilical vein to the liver
describe the ligamentum venosum
located on the posterior liver
remnant of ductus venosus (connection of umbilical vein to IVC
what structures divide the liver in R/L lobes
falciform ligament
left triangular ligament
ligament teres
ligamentum venosum
where is bile stored within the body
gall bladder
what causes the formation of gall stones
high increase of organic content
what is the treatment for gall stones
cholecystectomy
what is the function of bile
aids in digestion and absorption of lipids/lipid soluble vitamins
what is the blood supply to the gall bladder
cystic artery from right hepatic duct
what is the innervation of the gall bladder
parasympathic innervation, visceral motor
30-80% of the population by right phrenic nerve
where is gall bladder pain felt, why?
pain around shoulder/back
C4 nerve roots
where is the pancreas located
behind and inferior to stomach
what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas
endocrine: insulin and glucagon secreted via alpha and beta cells
exocrine: release of digestive enzymes
what organ is mesoderm-derived, developed with endoderm-derived stomach into peritoneal organ
spleen
what is indicated with abdominal bleeding and referred pain to the left shoulder
Kehr’s sign, ruptured spleen
what is the function of the spleen
contains WBC
regenerates RBC
immune response
what is the spleen’s blood supply
splenic artery from celiac trunk
trabecular atery gives out multiple short gastric arteries
what are the mesenteric lymph nodes and where are they derived from
prevents the spread of harmful bacteria throughout the lymph fluid
derived from the spleen
what area of the duodenum is considered to be in the foregut
descending duodenum
what section of the duodenum is considered the midgut
ascending duodenum
what is the function of the ligament of treitz
diaphragm muscle that supports and anchors duodenum to the abdominal wall
what is the blood supply for the duodenum
gastroduodenal branch from common hepatic artery
what vein drains the duodenum
superior mesenteric vein
what arteries branch off of the superior mesenteric artery
middle colic artery right colic artery ileocolic artery jejunal arteries ileal arteries
what arteries branch off of the inferior mesenteric artery
left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal atery
why is it difficult to perform an appendectomy
the apendix can swim around the mesoappendix
variations with degree of rotation during development
what organs are suspended to the abdominal wall by mesentery proper and are highly mobile
jejunum and ileium
how can you distinguish between the jejunum and ileum
jejunum has a thinnner layer of arcades and longer vasa recta
ileum has less circular folds
what is the function of the jejunum
absorb nutrients
where is the midgut located
from ileocecal junction to 2/3 of transverse colon
where is the hindgut located
distal 1/3 tansverse colon to anus
what can occur if a patient experiences chronic constipation
obturator nerve can be compressed
leads to numbness/tingling in the inner thigh
what is the function of the colon
limited absorption of water and salt
symbiosis
dehydrate digested foods to stool
where are the right and left kidneys located
right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the liver
what are the functions of the kidneys
urine production
electrolyte and water balance
regulate blood pressure via renin-angiotensin system
hematopoiesis: cytokine erythropoietin
what spinal level is the renal artery located
L2
where does the renal artery branch from
branches from abdominal arota directly
posterior to the IVC
what pathologies are related to the abdominal aorta arch
increasing abdominla aorta anerurysm risk infeior to renal artery
where is the left renal vein located
between superior mesenteric artery and aorta
compression of the renal vein can lead to what pathology
nutcracker syndrome
what symptoms are common with nutcracker syndrome
blood in urine
flank pain
what is the innervation for the blood vessel smooth muscles in the kidneys
sympathetic innervation
what is the innervation for the ureter in the kidney
parasympathetic for peristalsis of urine drainage into urinary bladder
what is the function for the adrenal glands
bridge between the endocrine and nervous system
regulates metabolism, BP, immune/stress response, sexual hormones
what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland
cortex and medulla
what arteries supply the adrenal gland
branches from inferior phrenic artery
aorta
1st branch of renal artery
what veins drain the adrenal glands
right adrenal gland drains into IVC directly
left adrenal gland drains into renal vein
what spinal level is the celiac trunk located
T12
what spinal level is the superior mesenteric artery located
L1
what spinal level is the inferior mesenteric artery found
L3
what spinal level is the renal artery located
L2
what spinal level does the common iliac artery divide
L4
what artery is considered primary retroperitoneal and descends into the pelvis and scrotum
gonadal artery
what spinal level do the common iliac veins merge to form the inferior vena cava
L5
what veins drain into the inferior vena cava on the right
right adrenal gland vein
right gonadal vein
what is the function of the lymphatic system in the abdomen
monitor endogenous bacteria - immune function
absorption of lipids
where does the lymphatic system drain into in the abdomen
75% drains into the left subclavian vein
25% drains in the right subclavian vein
what artery connects the foregut and the midgut
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
what artery is located between the midgut and the hindgut
middle and left colic artery
what is a water shed zone
areas in the body that recieve dual blood supply
injuries near the splenic flexure can result in what medical procedure, why
bowel resection
due to low blood supply in the region
what artery is found between the hindgut and the pelvis
superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal
internal iliac artery
what is the treatment for atherosclerosis
anatomosis to bypass the areas that have plaque build up
where doe the digestive tract veins drain into
liver portal system
what can occur with anastomosis of the gastric/splenic vein to the esophageal veins
esophageal varcies
what pathology occurs with anastomosis of rectal veins to internal iliac veins
hemorrhoids
what pathology occurs with anastomosis in the paraumbilical veins
caput medusa
what is the innervation of the foregut
sympathetic innervation, greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)
parasympathetic innervation, vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
what is the innervation of the midgut
parasympathetic: vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
what is the innervation of the hindgut
sympathetic innervation: lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2)
parasympathetic innervation: pelvid splanchnic cnerve (S2-S4)
