Abdominal contents Flashcards
1
Q
what is contained in the foregut
A
abdominal esophagus stomach liver 1st half of duodenum pancreas spleen
2
Q
what artery supplies the foregut
A
celiac artery
3
Q
what organs are contained in the midgut
A
2nd half of duodenum
jejunum
ileum
proximal 1/2 colon
4
Q
what artery supplies the midgut
A
superior mesenteric artery
5
Q
what organs are contained in the hindgut
A
distal half of colon
6
Q
what artery supplies the hindgut
A
inferior mesenteric artery
7
Q
what abdominal contents are found in the anterior portion of the abdomen
A
digestive tract and related organs
8
Q
what organs are found in the posterior aspect of the abdomen
A
kidneys
suprarenal glands
neurovascular system
9
Q
what abdominal structure is formed when the foregut rotates 90 degrees clockwise during the 3rd month of fetal development
A
lesser peritoneal sac
10
Q
on average, how many degrees does the midgut rotate and elongate around the superior mesenteric artery
A
270 degrees counterclockwise
11
Q
what will occur if the midgut only rotates 180 degrees during development
A
appendix will be located under the liver
pain near McBurney’s point (2/3 distance from naval to right ASIS)
splanchnic nerves can be disarranged
12
Q
what is considered the abdominal cavity
A
all contents in the abdominal wall/diaphragm and pelvic inlet
13
Q
describe the omentum
A
folding of the visceral peritoneum
covers the anterior aspect of the abdomen
14
Q
what structure covers the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
A
greater omentum
15
Q
what structure covers the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
A
lesser omentum
16
Q
what is the function of the mesentery, mesocolon, and falciform ligament
A
attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
17
Q
what does the folding of the parietal peritoneum form
A
mesentery, mesocolon, falciform ligament
18
Q
what does intraperitoneal mean
A
the structures within the peritoneum
19
Q
what are the intraperitoneal organs
A
esophagus stomach jejunum ileum caecum appendix transverse colon sigmoid colon
20
Q
describe intraperitoneal organs
A
organs that are entirely covered by visceral peritoneum
organs are mobile
21
Q
what does retroperitoneal mean
A
structures that are outside of the parietal peritoneum
organs are in a fixed location
22
Q
what organs are considered retroperitoneal
A
duodenum pancreas kidneys ascending colon descending colon
23
Q
what structures are considered secondary retroperitoneal
A
3/4 duodenum
pancreas
ascending colon
descending colon
24
Q
what causes an organ to be secondary retroperitoneal
A
“spinned” out of visceral peritoneum
organ lost mesentery during development
25
what considers an organ as primary
the organ never had mesentery
26
what organs are considered as primary retroperitoneal
```
distal rectum
kidneys, ureters
adrenal glands
IVC, AA
testes before descending to scrotum in males
```
27
what primary retroperitoneal organ is "spinned" into intraperitoneal
spleen
28
what is contained within the intraperitoneal cavity
```
intraperitoneal organs:
esophagus
stomach
jejunum
ileum
caecum
appendix
transverse colon
sigmoid colon
```
29
describe the lesser peritoneal sac
empty sac
| recess bound by greater and lesser omentum
30
describe the omental foramen/foramen of Winslow
connects the lesser and greater sac
31
describe the hepatoduodenal ligament
connects the liver to the duodenum
| contains the portal triangle
32
what are the portal triad contents
hepatic artery proper
hepatic portal vein
common bile duct
33
what spinal level is the descending aorta
T12
34
where is the gastroesophageal sphincter located
Lower esophagus
| Between the stomach and the esophagus
35
where is the lower esophageal sphincter located
end of the esophagus
| between the esophagus and the stomach
36
what is the squamocolumnar junction
transition between squamous/ectoderm to columnar/endoderm cells
37
failure of what sphincter leads to GERD
lower esophageal spincter
38
what areas of the heart are affected by an esophageal herniation
left atrium due to the location of the esophagus behind the heart
39
what can be found on the lesser curvature of the stomach
lesser omentum
40
what is located on the greater curvature of the stomach
greater omentum
41
what is the blood supply of the lesser curvature
right gastric artery from common hepatic artery
| left gastric artery from celiac trunk
42
what is the blood supply for the greater curvature
right gastro-omental/epipolic artery from gastroduodenal artery
left gastro-omental/epiploic artery from splenic artery
43
what is the blood supply to the fundus
short gastric artery from splenic artery
| trabecular branches
44
what is the purpose of a partial splenectomy
reserve partial functions and support stomach
45
what is the purpose of the stomach
digestion
limited absorption
intrinsic factor
46
what is the function of intrinsic factor
binds to vitamin B12 absorption, transports VB12 to the ileum and crosses epithelium, releases VB12 back into the blood stream
47
where are lipid soluble vitamins absorbed
small intestine, distal portion of ileum
48
describe the coronary triangular ligaments
parietal peritoneum fold (coronal plane)
| fix liver to the inferior surface of the diaphragm
49
describe the ligament teres
in the inferior fold of falciform
| connects the remnant umbilical vein to the liver
50
describe the ligamentum venosum
located on the posterior liver
| remnant of ductus venosus (connection of umbilical vein to IVC
51
what structures divide the liver in R/L lobes
falciform ligament
left triangular ligament
ligament teres
ligamentum venosum
52
where is bile stored within the body
gall bladder
53
what causes the formation of gall stones
high increase of organic content
54
what is the treatment for gall stones
cholecystectomy
55
what is the function of bile
aids in digestion and absorption of lipids/lipid soluble vitamins
56
what is the blood supply to the gall bladder
cystic artery from right hepatic duct
57
what is the innervation of the gall bladder
parasympathic innervation, visceral motor
| 30-80% of the population by right phrenic nerve
58
where is gall bladder pain felt, why?
pain around shoulder/back
| C4 nerve roots
59
where is the pancreas located
behind and inferior to stomach
60
what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas
endocrine: insulin and glucagon secreted via alpha and beta cells
exocrine: release of digestive enzymes
61
what organ is mesoderm-derived, developed with endoderm-derived stomach into peritoneal organ
spleen
62
what is indicated with abdominal bleeding and referred pain to the left shoulder
Kehr's sign, ruptured spleen
63
what is the function of the spleen
contains WBC
regenerates RBC
*immune response*
64
what is the spleen's blood supply
splenic artery from celiac trunk
| trabecular atery gives out multiple short gastric arteries
65
what are the mesenteric lymph nodes and where are they derived from
prevents the spread of harmful bacteria throughout the lymph fluid
derived from the spleen
66
what area of the duodenum is considered to be in the foregut
descending duodenum
67
what section of the duodenum is considered the midgut
ascending duodenum
68
what is the function of the ligament of treitz
diaphragm muscle that supports and anchors duodenum to the abdominal wall
69
what is the blood supply for the duodenum
gastroduodenal branch from common hepatic artery
70
what vein drains the duodenum
superior mesenteric vein
71
what arteries branch off of the superior mesenteric artery
```
middle colic artery
right colic artery
ileocolic artery
jejunal arteries
ileal arteries
```
72
what arteries branch off of the inferior mesenteric artery
left colic artery
sigmoid arteries
superior rectal atery
73
why is it difficult to perform an appendectomy
the apendix can swim around the mesoappendix
| variations with degree of rotation during development
74
what organs are suspended to the abdominal wall by mesentery proper and are highly mobile
jejunum and ileium
75
how can you distinguish between the jejunum and ileum
jejunum has a thinnner layer of arcades and longer vasa recta
ileum has less circular folds
76
what is the function of the jejunum
absorb nutrients
77
where is the midgut located
from ileocecal junction to 2/3 of transverse colon
78
where is the hindgut located
distal 1/3 tansverse colon to anus
79
what can occur if a patient experiences chronic constipation
obturator nerve can be compressed
| leads to numbness/tingling in the inner thigh
80
what is the function of the colon
limited absorption of water and salt
symbiosis
dehydrate digested foods to stool
81
where are the right and left kidneys located
right kidney is lower than the left kidney due to the liver
82
what are the functions of the kidneys
urine production
electrolyte and water balance
regulate blood pressure via renin-angiotensin system
hematopoiesis: cytokine erythropoietin
83
what spinal level is the renal artery located
L2
84
where does the renal artery branch from
branches from abdominal arota directly
| posterior to the IVC
85
what pathologies are related to the abdominal aorta arch
increasing abdominla aorta anerurysm risk infeior to renal artery
86
where is the left renal vein located
between superior mesenteric artery and aorta
87
compression of the renal vein can lead to what pathology
nutcracker syndrome
88
what symptoms are common with nutcracker syndrome
blood in urine
| flank pain
89
what is the innervation for the blood vessel smooth muscles in the kidneys
sympathetic innervation
90
what is the innervation for the ureter in the kidney
parasympathetic for peristalsis of urine drainage into urinary bladder
91
what is the function for the adrenal glands
bridge between the endocrine and nervous system
| regulates metabolism, BP, immune/stress response, sexual hormones
92
what are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland
cortex and medulla
93
what arteries supply the adrenal gland
branches from inferior phrenic artery
aorta
1st branch of renal artery
94
what veins drain the adrenal glands
right adrenal gland drains into IVC directly
| left adrenal gland drains into renal vein
95
what spinal level is the celiac trunk located
T12
96
what spinal level is the superior mesenteric artery located
L1
97
what spinal level is the inferior mesenteric artery found
L3
98
what spinal level is the renal artery located
L2
99
what spinal level does the common iliac artery divide
L4
100
what artery is considered primary retroperitoneal and descends into the pelvis and scrotum
gonadal artery
101
what spinal level do the common iliac veins merge to form the inferior vena cava
L5
102
what veins drain into the inferior vena cava on the right
right adrenal gland vein
| right gonadal vein
103
what is the function of the lymphatic system in the abdomen
monitor endogenous bacteria - immune function
| absorption of lipids
104
where does the lymphatic system drain into in the abdomen
75% drains into the left subclavian vein
| 25% drains in the right subclavian vein
105
what artery connects the foregut and the midgut
superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
106
what artery is located between the midgut and the hindgut
middle and left colic artery
107
what is a water shed zone
areas in the body that recieve dual blood supply
108
injuries near the splenic flexure can result in what medical procedure, why
bowel resection
| due to low blood supply in the region
109
what artery is found between the hindgut and the pelvis
superior rectal and middle/inferior rectal
| internal iliac artery
110
what is the treatment for atherosclerosis
anatomosis to bypass the areas that have plaque build up
111
where doe the digestive tract veins drain into
liver portal system
112
what can occur with anastomosis of the gastric/splenic vein to the esophageal veins
esophageal varcies
113
what pathology occurs with anastomosis of rectal veins to internal iliac veins
hemorrhoids
114
what pathology occurs with anastomosis in the paraumbilical veins
caput medusa
115
what is the innervation of the foregut
sympathetic innervation, greater splanchnic nerve (T5-T9)
| parasympathetic innervation, vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
116
what is the innervation of the midgut
parasympathetic: vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10)
117
what is the innervation of the hindgut
sympathetic innervation: lumbar splanchnic nerve (L1-L2)
| parasympathetic innervation: pelvid splanchnic cnerve (S2-S4)
