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endocrine physiology Flashcards

1
Q

describe the relationship between the endocrine and nervous system

A

both systems work together, but the nervous system can override the endocrine system at any time

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2
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical substance produced by a ductless endocrine gland that has specific regulatory effects on a target cell or organ

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3
Q

why are nervous system responses faster than endocrine system responses

A

the nervous system is composed of action potentiald

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4
Q

what is an endocrine gland

A

ductless gland

secretes product directly into blood stream

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5
Q

what is an exocrine gland

A

duct

secretes product into the duct until its needed

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6
Q

list the endocrine glands

A 
pituitary 
adrenal
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas
testes
ovaries
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7
Q

define autocrines

A

chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them

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8
Q

define paracrines

A

locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them

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9
Q

what hormones are water-soluble

A

amino acid-based (catecholamines), but not thyroid hormones

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10
Q

what is the function of water soluble hormones

A

act on plasma membrane receptors as second messengers

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11
Q

what are the lipid soluble hormones

A

steroid and thyroid hormones

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12
Q

where are amine hormones (epinephrine) located on the cell

water or lipid-soluble

A

cell surface

water-soluble

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13
Q

where are amine (thyroid) hormones located on the cell

water or lipid-soluble

A

intracellular

lipid soluble

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14
Q

where are peptide/protein hormones located on the cell

water or lipid-soluble

A

cell surface

water soluble

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15
Q

where are steroids and vitamin D located in the cell

water or lipid-soluble

A

intracellular

lipid-soluble

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16
Q

what is another name for the posterior pituitary

A

neurohypophysis

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17
Q

what is another name for the anterior pituitary

A

adenohypophysis

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18
Q

what are the contents within the posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis

what is the function

A

neural tissue

maintains neural connection to the hypothalamus via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
stores ADH and oxytocin

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19
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A 
stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth
stimulated milk let down
sexual arousal in both sexes
promotes nurturing behavior
regulated by positive feed back
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20
Q

what is the artificial form of oxytocin

A

pitocin

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21
Q

what is the function of ADH

A

inhibits urination

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22
Q

what is the action of ADH to inhibit urination

A

targets renal tubules (collecting ducts) of the kidneys through cAMP 2nd messengers
causes collecting ducts to reabsorb more water during times of high blood solute levels

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23
Q

how is ADH regulated

A

negative feedback - keeps levels in normal ranges and stops release when hormones reach normal ranges

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24
Q

ADH deficiency can lead to what chronic disease

A

diabetes insipidus

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25
what pathology can cause ADH hypersecretion
meningitis in children neurosurgery, trauma, cancer cells, after general anesthesia (can lead to SIADH)
26
how is the anterior pituitary controlled
controlled by the hypothalamic hormones via the hypophyseal portal system
27
describe the hypophyseal portal system
capillary system that begins at the hypothalamus and drains into capillaries at the adenohypophysis pathway by which inhibiting or releasing hormones from hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis
28
what are the 6 peptide hormones of the adenohypophysis
``` follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) growth hormone (GH) prolactin (PRL) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) ```
29
what are the hormones released by the anterior pituitary that are considered tropic hormones what is the function of tropic hormones
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands
30
what anterior pituitary hormones are considered direct hormones what is the function of a direct hormone
GH and PRL go directly to the cells/tissues
31
what is the function of FSH
targets ovaries and testes to stimulate gamete production
32
what is the function of LH
women: triggers ovulation, promotes synthesis and release of estrogen and progesterone from ovaries men: stimulates interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone
33
what triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
corticotropin releasing hormone
34
what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates adrenal cortex to produce and secrete glucocorticoids leads to increase in blood levels of nutrient molecules (glucose, glycerol, fatty acids, amino acids
35
what is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid gland stimulates the production of thyroid hormones via second messenger systems
36
how is TSH release regulated
TSH is released in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) inhibited in response to rising blood levels of thyroid hormones to block to release of TSH *negative feedback*
37
where is growth hormone (GH) produced
anterior lobe of the pituitary gland by the somatotropic cells
38
what hormone regulates the growth hormone
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) | growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
39
what is the action of growth hormone
stimulates the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors increases breakdown of fats and glycogen stores for fuel
40
what pathology can occur with hypersecretion of growth hormone in children
gigantism | due to excessive GH secreted before epiphyseal plate closure
41
what pathology is common with hypersecretion of GH in adults
acromegaly excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal plates close can be seen in nose, jaw, internal organs, supraorbital ridge, hands, feet
42
what common pathology can result from excessive growth hormone release in all ages
hyperglycemia, can lead to diabetes
43
what pathology is common with hyposecretion of growth hormone
pituitary dwarfism | can be treated with GH injections
44
what is the function of prolactin
stimulates milk production | suckling stimulates PRH release
45
how is prolactin (PRL) regulated
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
46
what is the precursor of thyroid hormone (TH) and is found within the follicles of the thyroid
colloid
47
what is the function of the parafollicular cells on the outer edges of the follicles of the thyroid
calcitonin
48
what are the 2 iodine-containing compounds found in the thyroid
T4 - thyroxine | T3 - triiodothyronine
49
what is the function of the thyroid hormone
increases metabolic rate and body heat plays a role in BP maintenance, tissue growth, development of skeletal/muscle systems, reproduction
50
what is the pathology that occurs with hyposecretion of TH (hypothyroidism) in adults
myxedema (lack of iodine) | results in low metabolic rate, chilled, constipation, dry skin, puffy eyes, edema, lethargy, brain fog
51
what is the pathology that occurs with hyposecretion (hypothyroidism) in children
cretinism | mental retardation, short, disproportionate body, thick tongue/neck
52
what occurs with hypersecretion of thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism)
grave's disease | elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid heartbeat, nervousness, weight loss, exophthalomos
53
where is calcitonin produced
parafollicular cells in the thyroid
54
when is calcitonin released and inhibited
released in response to high calcium levels inhibited by low blood calcium levels *negative feedback*
55
what is the function of calcitonin
targets skeleton to inhibit osteoclasts | stimulated calcium uptake and deposition to bone
56
what hormone is the most important hormone in calcium homeostasis
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
57
what is the function of PTH
stimulated bone reabsorption activates osteoclasts increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood
58
where are the parathyroid glands located, what do they secrete
4-8 tiny glands on the posterior thyroid | secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
59
what occurs during hyperparathyroidism
bones soften and deform | elevated blood calcium levels depress the nervous system, leads to kidney stones
60
what symptoms occur during hypoparathyroidism
increased excitability of muscles due to element imbalances | can lead to tetany (muscle spasms), respiratory imbalances, and possible death
61
define ricketts
childhood bone deformation due to demineralization | due to calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D deficiency
62
what is the function of adrenal glands
help body cope with stressful situations
63
describe the adrenal cortex
outer layer of adrenal gland | glandular tissue that synthesizes and secretes corticosteroids
64
describe the adrenal medulla
inner portion of adrenal gland | nervous tissue, part of sympathetic nervous system
65
what layer of the adrenal cortex produces aldosterone
zona glomerulosa
66
what layer of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol/hydrocortisone
zona fasciculata
67
what layer of the adrenal cortex produces androgens
zona reticularis
68
what hormone is the most potent mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
69
what is the function of mineralcorticoids
regulate electrolytes (sodium, potassium) in the extracellular fluid
70
what is the function of aldosterone
stimulates sodium reabsoprtion and water retention by kidneys
71
what is the function of glucocorticoids
maintains constant blood sugar levels maintains BP by controlling vasoconstrictors major group released in stress (trauma, infection, illness, temp change, mental stress)
72
what is the most significant glucocorticoid
cortisol
73
when is cortisol released
released in response to ACTH | patterns of eating, activity, stress
74
what is the function of cortisol
promotes gluconeogenesis | promotes rises in blood glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
75
what is the main gonadocorticoids
androgens
76
what do androgens contribute to
onset of puberty appearance of secondary sex characteristics sex drive in females
77
describe acinar cells in the pancreas
exocrine cells | produce juice for digestion
78
describe pancreatic islets/islets of langerhans
contain endovrine cells | contain alpha, beta, gamma cells
79
what is the function of alpha cells
produce glucagon
80
what is the function of beta cells
produce insulin
81
what is the function of gamma cells
secrete somatostatin
82
when is glucagon released
``` when blood glucose level is low stimulates glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose) ```
83
when is insulin released
blood sugar is too high | stimulates the transfer of glucose from the blood stream into the cells
84
what is the function of estrogens
maturation of the reproductive organs apperance of secondary sexual characteristics thickening of uterus in preparation for pregnancy
85
wht is the function of progesterone
breast development | menstrual cycle
86
what is the fucntion of testosterone
initiates maturation of male reproductive organs appearance of secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive necessary for sperm production maintains reproductive organs in their functional state
87
describe the thymus
located deep to the sternum large in children, but shrinks with age essential for T cell development part of the immune response
88
what hormones are produced in the kidneys, what are their functions
erythropoetin: stimulates RBC production renin: returns blood presssure to normal
89
what is the function of leptin, where is it released
suppressses appetite | released from adipose tissue

Clinical Anatomy (14 decks)

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