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English History > Third Civil Ear And Protectorate > Flashcards

Third Civil Ear And Protectorate Flashcards

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1
Q

How long was commonwealth

A

49-53
Rump Parliament
Nominated assembly

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2
Q

Protectorate of Cromwell

A

53-58

Instrument of gov 
First protectorate Parliament 54-55
Rule of major generals 55-56
Second protectorate56-58
Humble petition and advice 57-68
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3
Q

Protectorate of Richard Cromwell

A

58-59

Third protectorate

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4
Q

Restoration

A

1660

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5
Q

Interregnum

A

Execution of Charles I to restorated under Charles second

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6
Q

Commonwealth

A

England was declared a Republican Commonwealth and free state in May 1949, and the period 1649-53 is named after this

Scotland and iteland joined following 3rd civil war

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7
Q

Rump Parliament

A

Parliament purged by Pride 1649

Originally only 80mos

Other MPs returned following Charles execution bringing it up to 200

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8
Q

Nominated assembly

A

Assembly created after dissolution of rump 1643

Also known as Barebones Parliament, little Parliament and the parliament of saints

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9
Q

Protectorate

A

Period from 53-38 with Cromwell as lord protector

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10
Q

Instrument of government

A

A constitutional settlement drafters by lambert during autumn 1653

Adopted by council of officers when nominated assembly surrendered powers to Cromwell

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11
Q

Protectorate parliaments

A

Cromwell organised 2 protectorate parliaments in 54&56 and his son in 58

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12
Q

Rule by major emerald

A

15 month period of direct military government during Cromwell’s protectorate following failure of first protectorate

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13
Q

Humble petition and advice

A

Constitutional document drawn up by some MPs in 57 under which Cromwell was offered crown (he refused)

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14
Q

Restoration

A

Re establishment of the monarch - Charles ii 1660

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15
Q

Rupert as a threat to commonwealth 1649

A

Small royalist fleet lurking off coast Ireland

Rupert threatens to attack English shipping

His fleet could help Charles Stuart land in Ireland or Scotland but army small

Cam join up w Ireland Scot

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16
Q

Scotland’s proclamation of Charles Stuart as king as threat to commonwealth

A

Scotland declared Charles as king of England Ireland Scotland

Scot have powerful army, good generals and strong believe in righteousness a cause

Srs threat - could attack

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17
Q

Naval war with Dutch as threat to commonwealth 1649

A

Threat of naval war over trade

Yes- but doesn’t affect legitimacy of Parliament

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18
Q

Levellers as threat to commonwealth

A

Demand constitutional change

Loyal following in army - present

An agreement of people renegotiate peace

Quite threatening - influence in army and capital

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19
Q

Religious radicals as threat to commonwealth

A

Execution stirred up expectations of the second coming of Christ by groups like the fifth monarchists

Exaggerated minority

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20
Q

Foreign intervention by France of Spain as threat to commonwealth

A

Universal condemnation of regicide

Not one foreign state recognised commonwealth legitimacy

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21
Q

Irish rebellion as threat to commonwealth

A

Royalist army still exists in iteland - allied to catholicbatras

Could ally w Rupert and fellow Catholics

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22
Q

Royalist forces of reaction in England as threat to commonwealth

A

Royalist uprising fuelled by resentment over king dead

Srs

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23
Q

Unpopularity of the regime as threat to commonwealth

A

High levels of taxation and centralisation of gov alienated public

Normal civil processes threatened to grind to a haiku ws JP refused to acknowledge republics legitimacy

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24
Q

Revolution or reaction

A

Revolution

  • franchise leveller
  • independent tolerations
  • 5 monarchists saints second coming of Christ
  • diggers

Reaction
Rump Parliament of 300is MPS who eventually took their seats again 1649, only 43 sat in judgement of Charles and could he counted as revoltionary
-commonwealth needed a broader political base of it were to survive, espc from former sheriffs, jps, church wardens and deputy lieutenants
Demand gov lower taxes, demobilise army, abolish hated country committees and restore traditional local government

25
Q

An agreement of the people

A

3 versions of this

  • Oct 1647
  • December 1648
  • May 1649

Proposals included

  • right to vote men over 21 apart from servant beggars and royalists
  • annual elections to parliament w MPs serving 1 term onlyc
  • abolition of military conscription
  • Law in English
  • no army officer, treasurer or lawyer could be an MP (to avoid conflict of interest)
  • tax in proportion to real or personal property
  • equal before law
26
Q

Why were the levellers important early 1649

A

Only Regle with a plan

Accused Cromwell of betraying the revolution - agitation with the army

27
Q

Why were the leveller demands considered too radical

A

Too big risk to large enfranchise

Parliament needed gentry support

Royalists or religious radicals could win

28
Q

What did lulburne accuse the army of doing

A

Returning England to slavery

Failure to live up to the promises of a revolution

29
Q

Why did the arms have the leveller leaders arrested

A

On a charge of sedition - encouraging people to rebel

30
Q

Why did the bishop gate mutiny breakout over this

A

One of the bishops Lokyer was sentenced to death

31
Q

Why did a larger mutiny break out in May at Banbury

A

Prospect of service in Ireland

NMA not paid fully yet

32
Q

Why was Lilburnes attest embarrassing to Cromwell

A

Popular hero who idolised Cromwell

33
Q

How did the rump solve the demands for pay

A

Sold the crown lands

Allocated crown lands and individual regiments to sell off and pay themselves from proceedings

34
Q

Levellers 1649

After Charles execution
Feb
March

A

Grandees banned petitions to parliament by soldiers

March
8 leveller troopers went to the commander in chief of the NMA, Fairfax and demanded the restoration of the fight to petition

5 of them were cashiered out of the army

35
Q

Levellers 1649

Arrest of leaders

A

Lilburne
Walwyn
Prince
Overton

Imprisoned Tower of London by council of state

They wrote an outline of the reforms the Levellers wanted while imprisoned, on a pamphlet called ‘an agreement of the free people of England’ (May 1649)

It includes reforms that have since been made laws in England such as the right to silence, and others that have not been such as an elected judiciary

36
Q

Bishopgate mutiny

A

April 1649
300 Infantrymen of Hewson’s regiment who declared they would Not serve Ireland until the levellers programme had been realised, were cashiered without arrests of pay (the threat that had been used to quell the mutiny at cork bush field)

Later that month, in the bishopgate mutiny, soldiers of the regiment of Whaley made demands similar - ordered out of London

When refused to go, 15 soldiers arrested and court marriages. 6 sentenced to death. 5 later pardoned.

Lockyer - former leveller agitator - Hunt April 1649

37
Q

Banbury mutiny

A

Mutiny by soldiers I the english new model army- didn’t achieve all aims and some leaders executed shortly after in May

Over pay and political demands.
Pay was diffused by Cromwell acknowledging the justice of soldiers financial grievances and securing 100,000 towards payment of arrears from Parliament

400 troops under captain Thompson who were sympathetic to levellers set off from Banbury where they were billeted, to speak w other regiments at Salisbury about their political demands

Cromwell and Fairfax sent major white to mediate Thompson’s troops and say force would not be used

13 May force used
Several mutineers killed
Thompson escapes but killed later in diggers community

After being inprisoned, three other leaders shot: James Thompson, Perkins and church - May

Destroyed leveller power base in NMA

38
Q

Lilburne trial

A

Oct 1649

Treason

Exiled on orders of rump and whenche soufht to return he was rearrested despite promises of good behaviour

39
Q

Levellers and women

A

The humble petition of women

Wasn’t successful

Make levellers didn’t support

40
Q

Why levellers failed

A

Politically flaw

Influence never beyond London

Leadership

Never a movement - just like minded people
Disagreed of things

When economy improved after 1649- toleration

Dream shared by too few

Asked for too much and too little

41
Q

Who were diggers

A

The diggers called themselves true levellers

Most radical of sects

Called for restructuring of land ownership

Overthrow monarchy and declaration of free commonwealth 1649- seen as first step towards abolition of private property rights in favour of communal ownership of land

42
Q

Diggers

Origins and publications

A

Communities were established to cultivate waste and common land

Hoped begin process of restoring land to rightful owners, the commo people rather than those incpower

1648 Dec ‘light shining in Buckinghamshire’ published by levellers - active in anti-enclosure riots in the county from 47-4

Called to overthrow nobility and equalisation of wealth

A sequel ‘more light shining in Buckinghamshire’ 1649 appealed to NMA for support

43
Q

Diggers

George’s Hill and Cobham health

A

Similar ideas were arising spontaneously around country

49-50 a number of digger communities occupied waste common land which they attempted to cultivate on a communal basis

44
Q

Diggers

Other settlements

A

During spring 1650, emissaries send from winstanleys settlement on Cobham Health to make contact with other Digger communities and groups of sympathisers incthe Home Counties and midlands

34 places names inc
Buckinghamshire
Bedfordshire
Bosworth I leicester

45
Q

The defeat of the diggers

A

Rapid spread caused fierce reaction

Surrey diggers persecuted by local gentry with legal action, economic boycott and violence

April 1650, diggers shelter were burned down and crops destroyed

Other communities met similar fate and movement was suppressed by end of 1650

In 1652, winstanley published The Law of Freedom in which he proposed the introduction of his utopian commonwealth by state action

Though dedicated to Cromwell, Winstanleys championing of the Rights ofnhe common man over the rights of landowners had little influence during commonwealth and protectorate

46
Q

Fifth monarchists origins and beliefs

A

Physical return Jesus as king

Old order has to be overthrows
Civil wars vital prelude to millennium

Movement central London and spread south eng - congregations in places like Cornwall

Fifth monarchists in north wales from ministries of the millenarian preachers Powell

Movement didnnot spread north apart from Liverpool etc

47
Q

Where did 5th monarchists draw support from

A

Army and navy
-several 5 monarchists ministers had served as officers or army chaplains

Urban tradesmen and craftsmen
With a high proportion of cloth workers, whose trade was adversely affected by civil wars.
Journeymen and apprentices were often found among the most volatile congregations

48
Q

Most prominent fifth monarchists solider

A

Major general Harrison

John Carew
Rich

Henry vane the younger

49
Q

Significance of fifth monarchists

A

Cromwell dissolves Parliament 1653, fifth monarchists hailed him as second Moses

Political influence reached peak when Nokibayed Assembly (barebones Parliament) governed commonwealth 6 months 1653

Abrupt dissolution of nominated assembly and establishment of cromwells protectorate Dec 1653 was seen as betrayel by fifth monarchists

Simpson imprisoned after denouncing Cromwell

Harrison dismissed from army and loads of fifth monarchists officers resigned their commissions

However, sect continued to agitate against the protectorate with pamphlets and petitions throughout the 1650sb

Also frequent rumpurs of 5th monarchist plots to subvert the army and overthrow gov

50
Q

Fifth monarchists and the protectorate

A

1657, a fifth monarchist plot for an uprising against Cromwell was discovered and the ringleader Venner imprisoned until protectorate ended 1659

During political turmoil that followed the fall of the protectorate, rumours of imminent fifth monarchist uprising contributed to sense of instability in nation and to belief there could be no settled order until king returned

51
Q

Impact of radicalism

A

Rump expected - radical changed in church but few concessions made

Steps taken to curb excess of millnarians and ranters. With the disappearance of old Church courts, moral offences were made into secular crimes

Adultry Act 1650- death penalty for adultryctjo never applied

Boashphemy Act 1650- curbing extreme religious enthusiasm

Cencoship imposes - limit millenarian pamphlets and the first gov journal giving official version of events was published

Observance of sabbath was enforced

52
Q

Concessions towards freedom of worship by rump

A

Statue that required compulsory attendance at church repealed in sept 1650 toleration Act

Dated back to Elizabeth first - mainstay of power of Anglican bishops

53
Q

Cromwell in Ireland

Problem

A

Catholic Irish had rebelled and massacered Protestant settlers in 1641

About 4000 Protestants has been killed but parliament but a figure near 200,000

So Cromwell who thought catholic beliefs were wronf went to work against them

54
Q

What did Cromwell do in Ireland

A

Spent 9 months

Captured Drogheda in September 1649

His troops massacred nearly 3500 people including 2700 royalist soldiers, all the men in yowncwoth weapons and probably some civilians prisoners and priests

At the siege of Wexford October 1649, 2000 Irish soldiers and perhaps 1500 civilians were killed

55
Q

What did people accuse Cromwell of doing in Ireland

A
  • Slaughtering civilians as well as soldiers
  • Transporting many irish catholic’s as slaves to West Indies
  • Giving catholic’s land to Protestant settlers and exiling the Irish go poor land in Connacht in the west of Ireland

Others argue
•Cromwell ordered men not to kill civilians and hanged those who did
•little evidence ever sent slaves to West Indies
•Cromwell refused to shoe mercy to people of Drogheda as the laws of war allowesbat the time, because they refused to surrender. He wrote later that he gave the order only to stop bloodshed in the long run

56
Q

Did Cromwell massacre innocent civilians at Drogheda

A

Drogheda was 1 of best fortified towns in Ireland

2 districts of it
Connected by drawbridge across river

Town protected by circuit of walls 4-6 weeks wide and twenty feet high that were punctuated by a number of guard towers

Sir Arthur Aston boasted that anyone who could take Drogheda could capture hell itself

The Marquis of Ormand hopes Aston would gain time for the royalists by a prolonged defence that would weaken the parliamentarian army through disease and attrition

Cromwell was also aware of this possibility and was determined to storm town quickly

57
Q

Ireland

The assault

A

Summons to surrender 10 sept - Aston rejected

Bombardment hahah as soon as Aston had rejected Cromwell’s summons. By noon 11 September, the heavy siege guns had blasted breaches in the southerncand eastern walls and demolished the seeple of st Mary’s Church

Around 5.00 that evening, Cromwell ordered storming to begin

Regiments was of colonel castle and colonel ewer attacked the southern break while colonel Hewsons regiment crossed the ravine and attacked the east

Sir Arthur Aston and about 300 of his men fell back on Mill Mount

Cromwell ordered no quater was to be given.
Mill Mount was protected by a bank and ditch and a timber palisade but these defences were soon broken down and royalist put to the sword

Aston was bludgeoned to death by own wooden leg - parliamentarian soldiers believed to be filled with gold coins

The rest of the garrison fled across the Boyne into the northern part of the town, pursued closely by Venables troops who prevented the royalists from raising the drawbridge behind them

58
Q

Can Cromwell’s actions be justified

A

According to 17 century warfare, a besieged city that refused a summons to surrender - expect mocmercy

Cromwell said yes and catholic’s slaughtered Protestants. Many prot would share this view

Cromwell - warning to other garrisons in iteland to surrender and not risk same fate

Not clear how many acc does

3552 dead - 2800 soldiers. 700-800 civilians

Only surviving account - Bernard - royalist Protestant

He says 30 of parishioners sheltering in his house. Parlvtroops fled through windows killing one and injuring another

Stopped from killing when officer known to Bernard identified them as Protestants

Catholic’s prob experiences worse

Week after Drogheda- Royalist press in England claimined 2000-3000 dead civilians
A theme that was taken up both in English royalist and in Irish Catholic accounts.

Irish clerical sources in 1660s claimed 4000 died at Drogheda

Treachery

English History (15 decks)

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