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English History > Disintergration Of The Political Nation > Flashcards

Disintergration Of The Political Nation Flashcards

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1
Q

Several groups can be blamed for failure to reach a settlement

A

Charles

Parliament

  • independents
  • Presbyterians

Army

  • officers
  • rank and file

Scots

Levellers and other radicals

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2
Q

Why would it be difficult to reach a settlement

A

Army

Charles

Divisions in parliament

Score

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3
Q

Name the 6 major attempts to negotiate with king 1642-47 and when

A 
Nineteen propositions - June 1642
Oxford Proposals - Mar 1643
Uxbridge proposals - Jan 1645
Propositions of Newcastle - July 1646
Head of proposals - Aug 1647
Four Bills - Dec 1647
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4
Q

Final attempts at negotiation following the second civil war and when

A

Treat of Newport - Sept 1648

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5
Q

Main points of the nineteen propositions

A

Parliament every 3 years

King to accept militia ordinance

Parliament to approve of privy councillors

Parliament to approve sixteen officers of state

Parliament to approve teachers and governors of kings children

Church government to be reformed with Parliaments advice

Existing catholic laws to be put in place

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6
Q

Main points of the oxford proposals

A

New Parliament every 3 years

King to settle (militia) w kings advice

Bishops etc abolished from church

Bishops abolished

Existing laws of Catholics to be enforced

2 royalists now to be pardoned

2 dismissals from office for life

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7
Q

Main points of the Uxbridge proposals

A

New Parliament every 3 years

Militia to be settled my commissioners named by Parliament

Parliament to nominate 13 officers of state

Church gov- bishops etc abolished- Westminister Assembly to reform

Existing laws on Catholics to be enforced

58 royalists not to be pardoned

48 dismissals from office for life

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8
Q

Main points of propositions of Newcastle

A

New Parliament every 3 years

Parliament to control militia for 20 years

Parliament to nominate 13 officers of state

Church gov - bishops etc abolished, Presbyterian church for 3 year trial

Existing laws on Catholics to be enforced

58 Royalists not to be pardoned

48 dismissals from office for life

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9
Q

Main points of Head of the Proposals

A

New Parliament every 2 years

Parliament to control militia 10 years

Parliament to nominate officers of state for 10 years

Royal family to be restored without personal constraints

Church gov- bishops cannot coerce; no Presbyterian church

Existing laws on Catholics enforced

7 royalists not to be pardoned

Parliaments enemies dismissed from office for 5 years

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10
Q

Main points of 4 bills

A

New Parliament every 2 years

Parliament to control militia for 20 years

Church gov - Bishops etc abolished- Presbyterian church for 3 year trial

58 royalists not to be pardoned

48 dismissals from office for life

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11
Q

Issues dividing parliament 1646

Presbyterian v independents

Overview

A

During war peace party evolved into Presbyterian party, mainly as a result of Scottish alliance.
Leader =Holles
At end of war - Presbyterians were the dominant group in HOC

Independent party evolved out of War Party 1643
In reaction against Scottish alliance which ‘war party’ negotiated
Their name came from their support for ‘independent’ religious sects and from their opposition to Scottish interference.
Main power in independents was not in parliament but the new model army

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12
Q

Issues dividing parliament

Key members of presbyterians and independents 1646

A

Presbyterians:
Holley
Manchester
Essex

Independents 
Saye and sele 
Haselrig 
Ireton 
Cromwell
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13
Q

Issues dividing parliament 1646

Presbyterian v independents

King

A

Presbyterian:
King is indispensable. Now that his evil advisors have been defeated, Charles must be given benefit of doubt and returned to power on minimal terms

Independent:
King cannot he trusted. He must be forced to accept further limits on his sovereign powers. Parliament must not surrender it’s advantage in its haste to reach a settlement

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14
Q

Issues dividing parliament 1646

Presbyterian v independents

Scottish

A

Presbyterian:
Scots are our allies. The Solemn League and Covenant is the best guarantee of social and religious stability.

Independents
The Scots are interfering in England affairs.
They are opposed to religious freedom

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15
Q

Issues dividing parliament 1646

Presbyterian v independents

Taxes and the army

A

Presbyterian
Lower taxes. The nation needs to get back to normal ASAP. We must not limit the power of the country committees and return the country to traditional forms of government.

-disband he new model army. The national cant afford maintaining it. It is dangerous - radical religious sects such as levellers. Complaints from all over the country about soldiers lack of discipline

Independents:
Higher taxes will have to be endured for time being. We must not falter at the last hurdle.
Failure to not reach s settlement is not the army’s fault. The committees set up during the war are full of corruption and prolong nation’s agony. They need to be brought to heel.

New model army is professional and has discipline
They better claim to represent people that king parliament. Some Presbyterian MPs are misrepresenting the army in parliament. They should be excluded.

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16
Q

Issues dividing parliament 1646

Presbyterian v independents

Religion

A

Presbyterian:
A Presbyterian church for the whole country. This offers the best chance of restoring religious unity, stamping out the radical sects and restoring social order. It will built religious units in the three Kingston’s of England, Ireland and Scotland

Independents:
Religious toleration for Protestants. There is not only 1 right way of worship
Parliament has accepted the sacrifices of many soldiers who fought to free the nation from religious intolerance. The Presbyterians threaten to replace one king of tyranny with another

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23
Q

When was the propositions of Newcastle

A

July 1646

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24
Q

Why did the propositions of Newcastle come about

A

Their was resentment among English parliamentarians that the king was in the hands of the Scots- tension had increased after an intercepted letter revealed that secret negotiations had passed between the king and Scot earlier in the year

Fearing alliance w Parliament = under threat.
Committee of Estates in Edinburgh instructed Scottish commissioners in London to consent to Parliament’s proposals, even thought they fell short of the Covenanters’ ideal in the settlement of religion

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25
Q

How many clauses did the propositions of Newcastle have

A

19

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26
Q

Name some of the newcastle propositions

A

King was to sign covenant and an Act was to be passed imposing it on all his subjects

Episcopacy abolished (catholic’s and arminians hate) The church in England and Ireland was to be reformed along Presbyterian lines as directed by parliament and the Assmebly of divines (independent don’t like)

The armed forces and militia were to be controlled by parliament for a period of 20 years

Strict laws against Catholics etc

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27
Q

How many responses did Charles have to the Newcastle propositions

A

3

28
Q

What and when was Charles 1st response to the Newcastle propositions

A

Aug 1646

Play for time

He declared in August that he could not respond to the proposals without first consulting a number of advisors and that he must be allowed to return to London to consider the terms

29
Q

What and when was Charles 2nd response to the Newcastle propositions

A

Nov 1646

Some elements of negotiation

Offered to accept Presbyterian gov for 3 years

A commission of 60 divines would then recommend a future church structure to the king and parliament (20 independents, 20 presbyterians and 20 chosen by Charles)

He would agree to surrendering control of militia for 10 years or life time but only on condition that full control restored to his son

Refused to sign covenant

30
Q

What and when was Charles 3rd response to the Newcastle propositions

A

May 1647

Charles repeated his offer over Presbyterianism and the militia

He also confirmed his desire to enforce laws against Catholics and was much vague over whether he must sign the covenant

This answer was read out in Parliament 18 May and accepted by the presbyterians and Scottish commissioners as the basis for future negotiations

The lords voted that Charles should be brought to oatlands palace - close t London

However before this could happen - Charles was seized by Joyce and taken from Holembly house to the army at Newmarket

31
Q

How far was Charles the cause of the failure of the Newcastle propositions

A

Refused to sign covenant
Never agreed wholly despite losing war

BUT

He’s king- they need him and he needs to protect church etc

32
Q

How far was parliament the cause of the failure of the Newcastle propositions

A

Yes
Tried to take away several of Charles prerogative rights through control of militia
-too presbyterian for independents

No
Respresented people and won war

33
Q

How far was Army the cause of the failure of the Newcastle propositions

A

Room the king and physically prevented him from coming to London and making a deal

34
Q

Why did parliament attempt to disband the new model army in 1647

A

Presbyterians dislikes religious radicalism - feared it would hinder fast settlement with the king

The country was becoming increasingly resistive, tired of quartering troops and paying heavy taxes

Among the soldiers, grievances were becoming more widespread, predominantly about pay

35
Q

How did parliament attempt to disband the new model army

A

Replying some units of NMA to Ireland to crush the rebels - shift quartering costs out of England

Parliament began to move against army

In Feb 1647, some NM units were designated for Irish service while a decision was taken to disband the rest

March 1647- parliament ordered a purge of the officers rank to exclude MPs and non Presbyterians

36
Q

How did the army respond to parliament trying to disband the army

A

Humble petition of the officers and soldiers of the army

20 March 1647

  • soldiers pay to be brought up to date before disbandment
  • provision to be made for widows, orphans and war maimed
  • indemnity to be granted for acts committed in war time that would be considered criminal on peace time
  • volunteer troops to be allowed to refuse deployment outside England
37
Q

How did Holles respond to the Humble Petition of the Officers and Soldiers of the army

A

He replied 3 March 1647- which was called the Declaration of Dislike

This is because it labelled the petitioners ‘enemies of the state’ ‘disturbors of peace’

It caused a fault like between political Presbyterian majorities in parliament and the new model army

Parliament did not endorse the petition and voted to appoint only Presbyterian generals to lead the army to Ireland and carry out purge of independents from London Trained Bands

38
Q

What were agitators? Why did the cavalry elect them?

A

To negotiate with the officers and make sure the voice of ordinary soldiers were heard

Represented a grassroots democratic movement forming a significant proportion of pop

39
Q

What was the vindication of the officers of the army

A

Published end of April by a majority of army officers showing their support for the agitators as representatives of the rank and file

Publication of an endorsement of the humble petition

1647

40
Q

How did parliament respond to the vindication

A

Opponents of it argued it was a series of diff demands by diff regiments and so couldn’t be dealt with as a whole

Instead they require each regiment to send their own complaint in writing to be considered individually

1647–> ordered Cromwell, ireton and 2 soldier MPs to settle outstanding pay and pass indeminity act

41
Q

Why did the army get mad at parliament’s response to the vindication
What did this mean

A

Tensions continued to rise. Agitators demanded impeachment of 11 Presbyterian MPS—> believed = mastering of dislike

In turn Presbyterian and city or London began to consider raising an army against NMA 25/ May

Parliament voted to disband army with just 8 week arrresrs

Army was mad and became a political force.

Officers and rank file stuck together and within 4 days, Fairfax declared rendezvous of NMA to be held at Newmarket in 4 June

Notwithstanding Fairfax’s nice to defend the army’s cause, 2 regiments mutinied 31 May 1647

42
Q

When did the army seize king and why

A

After Parliament vindication response blah blah

The agitator sexby relayed rumours - king on verge of making deal with political Presbyterianism and this news drove NMA in drastic action

2 June 1647 Joyce led troop of soldiers to remove king from holemby house and take him to headquarters in NMA

Dk who masterminded it - Cromwell?

43
Q

What was the Humble remonstrance

A

Printed 4 June 1647

Signed by officers and soldiers

Listed army’s grievances and criticised parl for its failure to resand the declaration of dislike

44
Q

What was the solemn engagement

A

Ireton and Cromwell —> military covenant - which was presented to the army on the next day -> st of the Army

5 June it was read out to all regiments and assented to by all officers and soldiers

45
Q

How did tensions increase following solemn engagement

A

Fairfax’ men began to march slowly towards the capital. Dissorder in london by now was breaking out on a daily basis - pressure on parl to do smth

4 June- mobs of soldiers in London besieged Westminister demanding pay and address of grievances

8 June- motion to take pay seriously rejected by 1 vote in commons

Wanted to disband army, retake king and rage city cavalry regiment—> passed
Although Declaration of Dislike was rescinded and an Indemnity ordinance passed, relations between king and army was bad

46
Q

What did the representation of the army demand

Why would this cause future conflict

A
  • a purge of parliament intended to remove army opp in commons

Future parl of fix duration

Guaranteed right of freedom of people to petition parliament

Liberty of tender conscience, allowing freedom of worship

47
Q

What were the heads of proposals

A

Offered by army 1647

Propositions drawn up by officers of the NMA and submitted to King Charles I,independently of parliament as a basis for constitutional settlement after kings defeat in first civil war

Drafted by Ireton and Lambert w consultation from saye and sele and other parliamentary representatives in 1647 summer - when the Amy was engaged in a political power struggle with Presbyterian MPs over the settlement of the nation

Proposals called head - broad and can be negotiated afhet

48
Q

Main points of the heads of proposals

A

Episcopacy retained in church but power of bishops reduced m

All acts enforcing church attendance, the use of the book of common prayer and the forbidding of holding religious meetings elsewhere - repealed

Covenant revoked

Sitting Parliament would set date for its own termination. Therefore biennial parliament were to be called (ie every 2 years) which would sit for a minimum of 120 days and maximum of 240 days

Parliament constituencies were to be reorganised

Council of state would be established to conduct foreign policy. It would need parliament’s approval to make war or seek peace

Parliament was to control the appointment of state officials and officers in the army and navy for 10 years

No royalists were to hold office, or stand for election for at least 5 years

49
Q

Response to the heads of proposals

A

More lenient then Newcastle - king said it was too restrictive and rejected them outright

During the negotiations, Ireton and Cromwell lost support of army radicals who were disappointed that the proposals made no concessions to leveller demands for a wider franchise, who criticised Grandees ‘servility’ in their dealings with the king

Meanwhile Charles continues his attempts to play off the army and parliament against one another
He also began secretly negotiating with a faction among the Scots which was to lead to the second Civil was in 1648

50
Q

When did the heads of proposals re-emerge after its rejection

A

At Putney debates army council discussed a new constitution for Eng

Ireton promoted head of proposals as a moderate alternative to leveller inspired Agreement of people

6 years later, elements of Ireton’s proposals were incorporated into the instrument of government - the written constitution that defined Cromwell’s power as lord protector

The religious settlement proposed by Ireton in 1647 was virtually identical to that finally adopted in the 1689 toleration act and

51
Q

What were the 11 members and name a few

A

Eleven Presbyterian members of the HOC were named by army leaders as ring leaders incplotd to destabilise the kingdom

Eg holles, Waller, Stapleton and Massie

Waller Stapleton and Mallie all had distinguished military records in the service of parliament during the first civil war

52
Q

What was the difference in what rank and file soldiers and army leaders& independent MPS were alarmed at

A

While rank and file soldiers of the new model army protested at the refusal of MPs to settle arrests of pay and other grievances,

army leaders and independent MPs were alarmed at Presbyterian intrigues with the king at their plots to bring a Scottish or foreign army into England, and at their attempts to gain control of the militia and to recruit new levies in London

53
Q

What did the army council demand 1647/8

What were the 11 members accused of

A

Suspension of the 11 members from HOC.

They were accused of attempting to overthrow people’s rights and liberties; of delaying and obstructing justice; of misrepresenting the army and its intentions to Parliament; and of attempting to raise forces to plunge the kingdom into another war

54
Q

What was parliaments response to thee army council demanding the suspension of 11 members

A

Parliament refuses to suspend the 11 members w out proof of their misconduct, but under increasing pressure from army - 11 were forced to withdraw

They appointed 5 lawyers headed by Prynne - to prepare legal defence, then took advantage of an order granting them permission to go abroad and postpone final presentation of their defence for 6 months

55
Q

What were presbyterians response to the 11 members being suspended from parliament

A

Presbyterians gained control of London militia committee.

On July 1647 a mob of pro Presbyterian rioters burst into parliament to demand the militia ordinance be repealed and the king be returned to London

Following day leading independent MPs and speakers of lords and commons fled from Westminister to seek refuge w army. The 11 members were recalled to parliament, new speakers were appointed and Edward massive was given command of military forces in London

Presbyterians made plans to defy army but resistance went when Fairfax led NMA into London 6 Aug and restored the independents. Agitators called for purge of parliament; Cromwell and other radicals lost patience and prepared to use force against Presbyterians

Realising their cause was hopeless - Holles, Stapleton Waller etc fled abroad. Those who remained eg Maynard was later expelled from parl and inprjsoned

56
Q

What happened to the attempt to impeach the 11 members

A

Abandoned June 1648 when MPs were anxious to retain support of Presbyterian dominated Common Council of London.

At this time - the 10 surviving members (Stapleton died 47) were allowed to return to their seats in Parliament

English History (15 decks)

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