Charles Personal Rule- Bishops Wars Flashcards
How did James rule his 3 kingdoms
Separately (England Ireland Scotland)
They had separate laws, customs and religions .
How did James attempt to unify eng and Scotland
Attempted to unify
Both parliaments appointed commissioners to discuss formal union
This failed over divisions between them in relative power, trade and the legal system
During James rule, what was Scotland like
Equal a monarchy
Smaller weaker neighbour to eng
Pop of 1 mill and relatively undeveloped economy
Scot was divided into lowland and highland; geographical, political, cultural, linguistic divide
The lowlands were Anglo centric, englush dpeaking and Presbyterians
The highlands were independent, spoke Gaelic and were a mixture of Presbyterians and Catholics
Religion in Scotland during James rule- 1st attempt
Mary Queen of Scots abdicated 1567- a Presbyterian Church had been established in Scotland
James attempted to reintroduce bishops into Scotland but in practice they were largely ignored by many Presbyterian communities and the church
Religion in Scotland during James rule- 1618?
In 1618- he forced the 5 articles of Perth thru the Scottish General Assembly and parliament
5 articles
1)the sacrament of the body and blood of Christ should be received kneeling
2) it might be administered to the sick
3) when infants could not be baptised in church, they can be at home
4) children, 8, and after being instructed in the Lords Prayer, creed, Ten Commandments and catechism, should be brought to the bishop on visitation, to be examined in religious knowledge and receive his blessing
5) the days commemorative of Christ’s birth, passion, resurrection, ascension and the sending down on the Holy Ghost should be kept in devout observance
When was the 5 articles of Perth forced
1618
What happened after the 5 articles of Perth were introduced
Seen as an attempt to introduce Anglicanism (in not Catholicism) into Scotland
Met intense opp
James backtracked and while they were not repealed , they were not strictly enforced either
When did Charles and laud tried to separate churches of eng and Scot together
1637
How did laud and Charles try to bring separate churches of Scotland and eng together
Introduced a new book of canons to replace John Knox book of discipline as the authority for the org of the Kirk - 1633
Introduced a modified form of the book of commo prayer into Scotland
This was written by Scottish bishops but was heavily influenced by laud -1635
What straight opposition was there fo Charles reform of the Church of Scotland
There was consultation in Scottish Parliament of in the assembly of the Kirk - Scots outraged
Wanted to keep their religion etc
A movement against laudian reform across Scotland headed by Presbyterian noble men and radical clergymen
In Edinborough riots broke out when the new prayer book was read
1639- National convenient - protest 300,000 sig
Explain the National covenant
Protest
300,000 signatures
Protest turned into campaign of petitions and supplicants denouncing laudian prayer book and criticising the power of bishops
LEd by the lord, loudoun, rothes, balmerino, and Lindsay,
the supplicants org four elected ‘tables’ or committees to represent nobility, gentry, burgesses (townpeople), clergy and w a 5th table as an executive body
Clergyman-Henderson and lawyer- Johnston of Wariston were given task of drawing up a national convening to unite supplicants and clarify aims
Covenant called for attachment commitment to doctrines already enshrined by Acts of Parliament and for a rejection on untried ‘innovations’ in religion
Emphasised loyalty to king but implied no toleration towards Roman Catholicism
When/where was there a proclamation to summon a general assembly (the Glasgow assembly)
Sept 22 1638
Edinburgh
When and where did the Glasgow assembly meet
Glasgow cathedral
21 Nov 1638
Outcome of Glasgow assembly before dissolution
Covenanters dominated proceedings
Biter convo
Lord rothers and loudoun over the election, membership and power of the Assembly, the Marquis of Hamilton declared its dissolution on 28 Nov
When was the dissolution of the Glasgow assembly
28 Nov 1638
What happened after the dissolution of the assembly
The assembly continued to sit in defiance of Hamilton who called a meeting of the privy council and issued a proclamation confirming and justifying his actions
The powerful Earl of Argyll remained at the assembly, indicating his own support for the Covenanters for the first time
Hamilton left to consult the king , 7 other privy councillors followed Argyll and issued declarations of support for the Covenanters
What happened to the Glasgow assembly after Hamilton left
No representatives of the king present
Assembly nullified all acts and pronouncement of general assemblies held between 1606-18 as they had been dominated by the kings and bishops
Lauds prayer book and new book of canons were condemned as unlawful having not been sanctioned by the church
8 Dec- assembly voted to abolish episcopal from the Scottish church and declare it unlawful
2 days later the ‘popish’ 5 articles of Perth which were accepted by the general assembly before- were also abolished
All Scottish bishops were deposed and excommunicated
5 reasons why Charles lost the first bishops war
English military system
Nature of English local gov
Unpopularity of war
Kings political blunders
Absence of parliament
How did the English military system lead to Charles losing the first bishops war
Early 17th century Eng- caught in transition from medieval private armies to moderate public armies
The old feudal system no longer existed but it had not yet been replaced w a progressional standing army paid for by taxation
The ‘English army’ was out together from the country millitias, poorly trained and equipped, uncommitted to any national cause
There was also the usual problem of desertion made worse by lack of pay
How did the English local gov lead to Charles losing the first bishops war
Gov ‘of the county, by the county, for the county’ was not a system likely to produce an efficient, well trained army during an unpopular war
Unpaid local officials trying to raise troops and money faced the wrath of friends and neighbours who would rather make war on Spanish then Scottish
Counties were reluctant to part w weapons they owned privately and intended for local defence
How did the unpopularity of the war lead to the failure of the first bishops war for Charles
Leading puritans such as Lord sage and sele and Lord Brooke we’re not the only people who believed the Scottish cause was just
Throughout the country, there were people who had NO desire to fight Scot- godly country defending itself against policies that were unpopular in eng
How did the king’s political blunders lead to Charles losing the first bishops war
Charles miscalculated
He tried to frighten the Scots into submission by leaving his intentions of raising foreign Catholic troops from Ireland and Spain to fight o his side
Prospect of invasion of Catholics fuelled Scots anger
He reinforced this threat in 1639 as he allowed a Spanish Army to march from port to port across southern England to avoid Dutch fleet
His belief that a royalist part in Scot would assert itself when he approached proved unfounded
How did the absence of parliament lead to Charles losing the first bishops war
No English king in recent times won w our parliament
Charles had to finance w our parliament -
Ship money were dwindling away
Charles failed a creeping paralysis of local doc brought on by his failure to communicate w the kingdom thru regular parliaments
What is the pacification of Berwick
Charles was forced to sign this in 1639, after he lost the firsst bishops war ,
It accepts Presbyterian demands
Why did Charles recall Strafford from Ireland in sept 1639
To help him deal with Scottish Covenanters
When did Charles recall Strafford from Ireland to help him deal w the Scottish Covenanters
Sept 1639
What advice did Strafford give Charles in Sept 1639
Call parliament
He and Strafford hoped they could obtain an anti Scottish patriotic feeling - miscalculated
Strafford thought MPs could be won over by bribes threats and speeches
Why did Charles recall parliament in April 1640 (9)
Decision to introduce Scottish prayer book
Poor state of English military
Charles reaction against covenant and Glasgow assembly
Urgent needs for funds to raise another army
Nature of English local gov
Failure to reform kings finances during personal rule
Unpop of bishops war
Charles over confidence
Advice of Strafford and privy council
When was short parliament
April 1640
Why was short parliament short (4)
King
Godly MPs
Scots
Moderate MPs
How did the king make short parliament short
Charles probably didn’t expect short parliament to succeed
None of his previous parliaments had been a success
By April 1940- the country has gone 11 years w our parliament —> so he must have realised that the House of Commons would want its grievances addressed before voting taxes
If parliament failed yet again to co-operate, the king would feel justified in resorting to prerogative taxation, as in 1627
How did Godly MPs make short parliament short
Hard to believe the ‘godly party’ wanted parliament to succeed
‘Success’ would inv granting the king subsidies with which to fight another war w Scots
Even if the king made some concessions, it’s hard to see how the godly party would benefit from the defeat of the Covenanters
The godly MPs wanted this parliament wanted this parliament to fail w out taking blame for its failure
How did the Scots make short parliament short
Scots didn’t want parliament to succeed since ‘success’ would result in king raising money for war
On the other hand- Covenanters must have known only English parliament could limit king’s power enough to protect Scotland from Catholicism
The Scots did not want this parliament to reach an agreement w the king
How did moderate MPs make short parliament short
Most MPs wanted parliament to succeed
They believed passionately in the ideal of king and parliament working harmoniously together to ‘heal the nation’s wounds’
However the war w Scotland was v unpopular
Could king and parliament be reconciled
When did the convocation of the Church of England meet and where
Elaborate
London w authority of the king
After short parliament - 1640
Traditionally convocation only sat while parliament was in session but after short parliament, king allowed it to sit in order to complete work
Which inc granting of subsidies to king
What did the convocation of the English church introduce
17 new canons inc and affirmation of the doctrine of the divine right of Kings
This shifted the ideology of salvation from holy scriptures towards bishops
Canons inc introduction of oath to be taken by all members of the learned professions
who were to swear never wittingly to overturn establish church Doctrine
-THIS BECAME KNOWN AS THE ETCETERA OATH
Why did king dissolve short parliament
King demanded that parliament vote taxes before he would consider grievances
The commons was led by Pym and Hampden who were determined to call the gov To acc for the personal rule
Strafford delayed in Ireland by illnes
When parliament turned its attention to religion- Charles dissolved it
What were Puritan reactions to what the convocation of the Church of England did
Furious
Attacked canons of 1640 as unconstitutional - claiming that
The convocation was no longer legally in session after parliament was dissolved
Campaign to enforce the etcetera pay met to firm Puritan resistance
How much soldiers did Charles attempt to raise to send to the north to invade Scot
In the 2nd bishops war
30,000
How many subsidies did Charles need to raise him army- that he didn’t get from short parliament
12 subsides
How did Charles attempt to get money for his army
Parliament - failed
Loan from Spain - failed
Queen appealed to pope and her brother king of France - failed
Charles secured some funding
Convocation granted £90,000
Charles obtained loans of £200,000 from privy council before parliament was called
Subsidies Strafford obtained from Irish parliament before he returned to end
City of London defied king- refused to give money w out recall of parliament
How much did Charles receive for the second bishops war £££
Was this enough
£360,000
No
What was the etcetra oath
Canons inc introduction of oath to be taken by all members of the learned professions
who were to swear never wittingly to overturn establish church Doctrine
What went wrong during the 2nd bishops war (army- Charles side only)
He resided levies from the south of eng and ordered them to march north BUT THEY WERE UNTRAINED AND IKL DISCIPLINED
Many deserted on their way north and 2 officers were murdered by their own troops accused of Catholicism
Violent disorders from all parts of England that levies passed thru
Aug 1640- Kings forced mustered in Yorkshire and Northumberland- unpaid and underfed
Straffords Irish army were not ready in time to take part
Earl of Northumberland- commander in chief on English army- ill
Commander of northern army- Viscount Conway- meant to build up defences of border town of Berwick - seems to have disregarded the mustering of the Covenanters until it was too late
What did the Scots do during the second bishops war
How did it end
Scots decided to invade preemptively and take English by surprise
Leslie led main Scottish army of 20,000 south but avoiding Berwick and instead marched along Tyne towards Newcastle
Leslie’s forced had to cross river tyne in order to attack new castle
Charles raced to defend main bridge over the river- only for Leslie to attempt to cross Tyne at Newburn Ford
Viscount Conway sent 1500 horses and 3000 foot to reinforce troops guarding ford
Troops failed to prevent Scots (outnumbered and outgunned)
Leslie ordered troops not to pursue fleeing eng- avoid unnecessary casualties
Viscount Conway decided Newcastle can’t be defended and withdrew to Durham
30 Aug Covenanters marched unopposed to Newcastle
Scots captures important town - provided almost all of London’s coal supply
What was the petition of 12 peers and the great council of peers
12 leading peers ing Bedford, Warwick and Saye and sele petitioned the king to call another parliament
24 sept- Charles summoned a great council of peers at York
The council almost unanimously advised king to negotiate truce w Scots and to summon another parliament in eng
Council of peers continued to sit in York, englush and Scottish commissioners met at Ripon Oct 1649 to negotiate treaty
Explain the treaty of ripon 1640
Signed 14 Oct
Acessation of hostilities was agreed
Negotiations for permanent settlement were to be negotiated and ratified by a new parliament to be summoned in London
Meanwhile- Scottish Army was to occupy Northumberland and Durham, exacting an indemnity of £850 a day from English gov for its quarter
Scottish Gov was to be reimbursed for its expense in prosecuting the war against eng
Impact of Scottish wars
Opinion in eng was mixed
Faith
Anxiety
Enmity
Optimism
Scot
Aug 1640- group of 18 Scottish nobles led by Earl of Montrose signed an agreement- ‘Cumbernauld Band’ which expresses their loyalty to king and a desire to defend his authority.
They had been alarmed by radicalism by Covenanters
When was long parliament
3 Nov 1640
Why did the king have to recall parliament after the failure of the second bishops war and why couldn’t he dissolve it
Advised by great council
Could not dissolve until voted subsidies that would enable Scottish army to be paid off
Therefore the Scottish army would withdraw from northern eng
Charles was politically and millitariky weak so couldn’t not disregard truce of ripon
When did long parliament end
1660
