Charles And Conflict Flashcards
1625
Conflict between crown and parliament
Buckingham was attacked by MPs for his failure as Lord Admiral to protect British ships from piracy
Parliament granted tonnage and poundage (a customs tax) for one year only. Charles ignored this and continued to collect it
Parliament did not want to finance a land war against Spain and France. Instead it voted 2 subsidies for a sea war
Speeches were made in parliament asserting that there would be toleration for Catholics
Buckingham used his power to get rid of opponents in royal court
A Naval expedition to Cadiz was a failure
1626
Conflict between crown and parliament
William Laud delivered a sermon defending the Divine Right of Kings at the opening session of parliament. This annoyed parliament
MP John Eliot attacked Buckingham for his failure in battles on the continent.
The House of Commons voted to impeach Buckingham. The House of Lords supported this
Buckingham was accused of giving large bribes to the Spanish in negotiations during the 1623 Trip to Madrid
Charles dissolved parliament w out any financial support being granted
1627
Conflict between crown and parliament
Charles sold £350,000 of crown lands, which stored up financial problems for later as crown lands dwindled
Charles issued a forced loan. Everyone who normally paid parliamentary subsidies were pressured into lending Charles money.
This was seen as illegal as it was not granted by parliament
Five knights case - 5 refused to pay loans- appealed to crown judges. Charles asked the crown judges to change the court records to defend Charles actions. The story came out and damaged Charles rep
Failed expedition to Isle de Rhe of the coast of France. This was arranged by Buckingham
Soldiers in army were ‘billeted’ on the local population of each county. This meant ordinary people had to pay for their food and were forced to have them live in their homes. Many areas protested against this .
1628
Conflict between crown and parliament
The MPs Sir Edward Come and John Pym put forward petition of right for Charles to sign
House of Commons voted 5 subsidies to Charles
Commons impeached Arminian Minister Manwaring who had been preaching in favour of forced loans
Commons sent remonstrances (petitions) to the king demanding the recusancy laws against Catholics b enforced and complaining about favouritism shown to Arminians, excessive power Buckingham and the continued collection of tonnage and poundage that parliament didn’t vote for
Outrage throughout country about failure of La Rochelle in Fra
Buckingham assassinated
Scenes of rejoicing in parliament following murder
1629
Conflict between crown and parliament
MPs complained about the promotion of Richard Montagu (arminian) to the position of Bishop of Chichester
Merchants who refused to pay tonnage and poundage had their goods confiscated. The commons took up their case. Charles defended tonnage and poundage because of the necessity of the war
MP John Elliot criticised Lord Treasurer Weston, who he thought was a secret Catholic
When Charles attempted to close parliament. Eliot held down the speaker of the House of Commons while they passed the 3 resolutions
They condemned Arminianism and tonnage and poundage.
Following this, Charles dismissed parliament
How was Charles seen as the worst king by historians
Lacking in political judgement
Shy
Speech decfect
Poor communication skills
Inflexible
Sensitive to criticism
John Morril ‘cold, withdrawn and shifty’
How was Charles seen as a good king by historians
Kevin Sharp and Kishlan Sky- ‘coward is harsh as his ancestors include murderers, adulters, child milestones and mentally ill
Charles 1
King of England
Second son of James VI of Scotland and Anne of Denmark
His father succeeded Elizabeth I and came to the throne of England as King James in 1603
His elder brother Henry died of Typhoid- he was heir to the throne
He was created prince of Wales 1616
Charles succeeded as the second king of the Stuart dynasty in 1625
George Villiers
Duke of Buckingham
Courtier- fav of James King- made him viscount 1616 Earl 1617 Marquis 1618 Duke of Buckingham 1623 Lord Admiral 1618 Manipulated James to gain control over royal patronage (homosexual)
- Accompanied prince Charles in 1623 to Madrid- arrange marriage to Infata Maria, sister of Philip of Span
- Spanish match unpopular w English Protestants and negotiations broke down
- Buckingham transferred loyalty to Charles
- they returned to Eng wanted to have war w Spain
Buckingham in favour of Charles 1625
- Tried to negotiate Charles marriage to Catholic princess Henrietta Maria- Protestants hated this
- compounded his unpopularity by his monopoly of royal favour and patronage
Held responsible for the Palitanate and Cadiz failures
1625 and 1626 parliament tried to impeach but Charles dissolved
1627- Buckingham personally led and failed to relieve Huguenots of La Rochelle
-Charles still supported
Aug 1628- assassinated
Henrietta Maria
Queen of England
Marriage to prince Charles- first catholic princess married Protestant prince- requires special dispensation from pope
Move between alliance between France and eng against Spain
Marriage- May 1625
During first 3 years of marriage- no love- he was devoted to Buckingham
After Buckingham assassinated in 1628- he loved her
Her Catholicism eg taking part in masques, made Puritans hate her
When the king needed money to finance the Bishops Wars (1639-40) the Queen raised funds by appealing to English Catholics
Appeals to Vatican’s fuelled Protestant fears of a popish conspiracy against England
Suspected of inciting the Irish Uprising of 1641
Rumours of long parliament planning to impeach Queen made Charles try to arrest the 5 members January 1642
Feb 1642- Civil war- left Eng for Netherlands
Spent year raising funds
Returned to England Feb 1643 and reunited w king 13 July 1643
George abbot
Archbishop of Canterbury
1608- went to Scot w Earl of Dunbar- arrange for union between churches Eng and ascot
King James made him Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry
- less then a year later- made Canterbury
Had strong Puritan beliefs- harsh treatment of Roman Catholics
Resistance to royal will- eg when he opposed divorce suits of Landry Howard against Earl of Essex
Promoter of match between Elector Palatine and opposed prince of Wales w Infanta of Spain
This policy meant Laud and court hated him
King never foresook him
William Laud
Laud accompanied King James on visit to Scotland in 1617 as one on his chambains
Appointed St David’s in 1621
Became chaplain to George villiers followinf year
Officiated at Charles coronation
Preached sermons at the openings of Parliaments of 1626 about divine right (supporter) angered parliament
Succeeded Archbishop of Andrew (died) in Sept 1626 as dean of the Chapel Royal
Archbishop of Canterbury 1628
Charles liked him- appointed to several important offices close to the king but was not a good politician as couldn’t take criticism
Henrietta Maria didn’t like him
Used kings influence to get titles for his friends
Believed in free will over predestination
‘Beauty of holiness’
During personal rule- Laud worked w King to rule out nonconformity
His restoration of church and views v close to Roman Catholicism
Riots broke out in Edinburgh when Lauds news prayer book and liturgy introduced July 1637
Escalated into national movement against interference in Scottish affairs by kings and lauds bishops
United under national convent, 1638- Scots repulsed Charles attempt to impose his authority by military force in the Bishops wars of 1639-40
Sir John Eliot
MP
1626 parliament - attacked Buckingham for his failures in battles on the continent
The House of Commons voted to impeach Buckingham and the House of Lords supported this
1629 parliament - Eliot criticised Lord Treasurer Weston, who he thought was a secret Catholic
- When Charles attempted to close parliament, Eliot held down the speaker of the House of Commons whiles they passed Three Resolutions
- These condemned Arminianism and tonnage and poundage
- Following this, Charles dismissed Parliament
Sir Edward Coke
MP
Him and Pym put forward a petition of right for Charles to sign
It declared forced loans illegal, said that free men should not be in prisoner with out just cause and defended the rights of spoken not to have soldiers billeted on them
Charles reluctantly agreed to sign
Sir Thomas Wentworth
Knighted by James Dec 1611
Elected to Parliament 1614 as MP for Yorkshire
First hated crown and Buckingham
King appointed him Sherrie of Yorkshire in attemp to exude him 1626 parliament but he continued opposition
Refused to pay forced loan- inprisoned
1628 lost influence as he wanted moderate peotition but radical got passed
Allegiance to crown after Buckingham died
1632- appointed lord- deputy of Ireland
- w ally Laud- managed administration of Church and state during personal rule
Enforced Lauds anti Puritan religious reforms and brought new taxes
Failure of 1st bishop war
Wentworth because Chief advisor to king
Jan 1640- became lord lietenant of Ireland
Then 1st earl of Stafford
King still wanted war a Scots- 2nd Bishops was- Strafford persuaded king to get army another way- but army but untrained and defeated
Long parliament called for his impeachment
Said he treasonoulsy persuaded king of army
Strafford defended self well
Pym and supporters resorted to bill of attainder
King Charles gave consent
Strafford beheaded 12 May 1641
Denzil Holles
Elected MP
Former friend of Prince Charles and associated with Parliament opposing Charles
In Charles 3 parliament (1627)
Arrested for his part in ‘grievances against king’ protest
Fined £7000- but this was then declared wrong by court
King tried to arrest him in January 1941- after refusing an attempt to buy him off w a potion at court (he supported Hesilrige’s Militia Bill)
Presbyterian
William Fiennes, Viscount Say and Sele
Puritan- opposed Laud
Opposed benevolence and forced loan
Didn’t pay ship money but wasn’t arrested
Didn’t support bishop wars and was briefly improsoned
Supported Pym
Appointed to committee of Safety 1642- Says raised a regiment of foot to fight for Parliament, which was commanded in the field by the veteran Meldrum
He was instrumental for forming he Committee for Both kingdoms in 1644
1/4 peers in House of Lords who supported Self denying ordinance 1645- led to formation of the New Model Army
After kings defeat in 1st civil war- Saye associated w ‘middle parliament’ - sought to bridge conflicting policies of the independent and Presbyterian factions
Supported ‘Heads of Proposal’ as settlement w Charles over the sever ‘Newcastle Propositions’
Tried to make Charles come to terms w Parliament
Retired after Charles death
Edward Hyde (later Earl of Clarendon)
1640- elected MP for Wooton Basset in the Short parliament as a client of the St Johns
- concerned by laws of Charles person rule esp Ship money- against
- hoped to mediate king and commons
Hyde elected MP for Saltash in the Long Parliament (Nov 1640)
- supported impeachment of Earl of Strafford
- Opposed Root and Branch Bill
- Nov 1641- voted against Grand remonstrance
1641-advisor to king- moderate views
Feb 1643- appointed to privy council
Mar- made chancellor of exchequer
Advised king to summon alternative Oxford Parliament Dec 1644- hoping to service long parliament of authority- failed
Jan 1645- support peace negotiation w parliamentarian and Scottish Commisioners at Oxbridge Treaty- failed - removed from Kings inner circle and appointed to council of Prince of Wales (aka Charles)
Advised against Prince moving to Paris to Mariah but couldn’t stop him
Feb 1648- published an attack on Parliaments ‘Vote of no addresses’
2nd civil war- Queen and prince of Wales (aka Charles) summoned him to Paris and he left Jerset 26/06:1648
Hyde captured and robbed by pirates on his way to join him
Caught up w Charles at Hague in Sept- after defeat in 2nd war
How important was Buckingham to the failure of foreign policy
1- attempt to marry the Spanish Infanta- Charles, Buckingham visit to Madrid
2- war w Spain
Failed Mansfield expedition to defend the palatinate
Naval expedition to Cadiz in Spain
3-1627 was a w France
Failed expedition to the Isle de rhe in attempt to relieve the siege of La Rochelle
How did the war w Spain come along
Most of the money voted in 1624 had been spent by Charles and Buckingham on refurbishing the English Fleet
They decided to use their new naval power to repeat the triumphant Elizabethan attacks upon Cadiz
What went wrong with the Spanish war- Cadiz
The fleet commanded by Sir Edward Cecil arrived at the Bay of Cadiz in Oct and immediately made errors
Spanish vessels escaped because everyone waited for orders and did nothing
The English ships just stopped at the port of Saint Mary and then instead of immediately assaulting Cadiz, mounted on preparatory attack for Puntal
The English ships were largely merchant vessels conscripted for service and their owners/captains attempted to avoid fighting
When English soldiers were finally disembarked to make the attack, no food or water were landed w them
Cecil allowed the thirsty men to seize wine stored in local houses- drunk
Undisciplined- and firing at one another- Cecil ordered reimbarkation
The fleet then took position to intercept the Spanish gallons, bringing billion back from The New World
BUT
Forewarned by rumours of war, the treasure fleet took a southerly route and slipped into Cadiz harbour unimpended
Lacking plans and disease spreading through dirty and crowded ships, fleet went home in Dec
Many more soldiers died in Engl w disease and hunger as no provisions had been made to revive them
How much was the Spanish expedition
£250,000
Who was the Failure of the Cadiz expedition put on and why
Since Buckingham played the leading role in advocating and organising the expedition, and since it was his friends and appointees that had so poorly prepared fleet and army, Buckingham was fully to blame
What was Sir John Elliot’s reaction to the Cadiz expedition and what was Charles response
Elliot
‘Our honour is ruined, our ships are sunk’
Charles
‘I should not have the house to question my servants’
