Protectorate And Restoration Flashcards
Why was Cromwell a complex and contradictory figure
Harsh on self
Behaved w Supreme confidence of public stage
Sober religious (Puritanism -> providential new - God’s instrument), overly
Commanded loyalty on a grande scale at head of normally triumphant armies
Resisted public adulation, famously demanded to be painted warts and all
Conservative X believe social change Never of gentry X diggers Opposes extending franchise Authorities dm?
Radical X accept crowns
Radical - individual conscience, radicalism
Why did cromwell as a complex and contradictory figure affect his approach to government
Social conservative, Ken to preserve traditional country values and promoted whatche described of healing and settling of divided English people
At heart - parliamentarian, identifying the representatives of the people to be the cornerstone of liberty.
He was a religious zealot which led him to take measures apparently at odds with liberty and conservatism, as well as to take advantage of circumstances which he would label as evidence of providence at work
Cromwells aims in creating protectorate
Healing and settling
Enormous backlog of practical issues, personal appeals - financial claims that had to be addressed before the country could return to normal
These problems did not exist in isolation
Religion - Cromwell believed in toleration
Reconcilling former royalists to the protectorate lay at the heart of healing and settling
The sequestration ordinance of 1643 enabled parliament to confiscate estates of royalists who would late to pay ‘composition fine’ to redden their estates
In 1651- rump passed Act of Oblivion intended to let bygones be bygones but then be put up for sale the estates of 780 royalists to help psycthr ass of military campaigns
Healing and settling mesnt resolving cases
Cromwell aims in creating the protectorate
Political stability
Cromwell wanted political settlement army offered Charles 1647 - head of proposals
Power = / between single person acting as executive and a parliament that had to face regular elections
Executive authority would be limited by a council of state but executive would also limit parliament authority
Settlement as a whole would be approved by Parliament - bridging gap between ancient constitution and new one
Ireton and lambert was author of the head of proposals and lambert was author of instrument of gov
During protectorate parl, Cromwell saw principles as fundamental - no argument
Cromwells aim in creating godly reformation
Cromwell believed he and army = enlisted by God w a providential mission
Key issue drove cromwell to adandon friends and former allies, prepared to give up godly cause in name of peace
Godly reformation = rational church settlement that would lead by example and not force, with liberty of conscience for Protestant sects
It was states reponsibikity to see whole nation was served by a godly ministry
So done means would have to be found to improve and support it
Why would cromwells aims be difficukt to achieve
No real authority
If he tried to heal and settle, he will have to abandon godly reform
How did instrument limit power of lord protector
Must call parliament when England goes to war
Must sign bills within 20 days or give satisfaction to Parliament otherwise bill automatically becomes law
Councilcof estate majority consent needed to go war
How did the instrument limit the power of the council of state
No more than 21 members, no less then 13
Majority consent needed when parliament not in session
How did instrument limit Parliament
Parlinwnet cannot Change instrument
Must give consent when in session
Distribution of constituencies shifted balance from urban to county representation
How similar was cromwells power to that of Charles in 1620
Call parl whenever necessary
Controlvot militia navy war peace
Power to make treaties with foreign states
Who would criticise instrument and why
Republics Oppose Haselrig Cane Bradshaw X want monarch
Royalists
Presbyterians
What went wrong in first protectorate Parliament
MP dislike sharing power heyeeen parliament and a single person
Cromwell dissolves Parliament as he didn’t like the government bill
Cromwell after first protectorate Parliament opinion
Prepared to discuss fine details of new constitutions but
Gov must be by single personcand parl
Parlvshoukd bot make themselves perpetual
Must be liberty of conscience of religion
Control of army should be by lord protector and Parliament
All MO have to take oath of recognition - accepting these before being readmitted to Parliament
80/100 refused and excluded for parl
What Cromwell did as lord protectors
Ruled until 1654 with council of state until a parliament count he summoned
He issued 84 ordinances including religious toleration, improving quality of ministers and reform of chancery court
Rule of major generals
55-56
Purpose: disperse unlawful meetings, disarm malignants (royalists). Bring thieves robbers and highwaymen to justice
Administration
Replaced lord lieutenants but was to maintain the traditional structure of local gov
-MG’s were to work alongside existing hierarchy of magistrates, sheriffs, contables, town Constables etc
State security
- Royalists compelled to promise good behaviour or else suffer imprisonment.
- they were forced to remain in the area unless granted permission by local MGs
Financing the system
-MGs were authorised to raise cavalry militias funded by decimation tax - new income tax 10% on royalists
Godly nation
- MG - supervise collection of decimation tax and to enforce moral reform in their localities
- abolition of past time like horse racing
- enforce laws against drunkenness, blashoheky and swearing
- general hopes for reformation of the morality of the people by forceful measures
