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English History > First Covil War > Flashcards

First Covil War Flashcards

1
Q

Prince Rupert

A

Charles nephew and general

He was quick thinking and energetic cavalry leader but gained a reputation for brutality after sacking Birmingham

He quarrelled with other royalists and blamed for loss of Bristol

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2
Q

Viscount Falkland

A

A leading constitutional royalist and member of the peace party

He was Charles’ Secretary of State but despairing of the failure of the oxford negotiations

He rode to his death in the first battle of Newbury

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3
Q

George lord digby

A

Advisor to Charles, becoming Secretary of State in 1643 following death of Falkland

His continual quarrels and intrigues were divisive and advice was often unreliable and widely over - optimistic, such as advising attack of new model army at naseby

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4
Q

Earl of Newcastle

A

Involved in 1641 army plot

In charge of royalist forces in Yorkshire and north

He was defeated in battle of marston Moor and left England to life in Paris

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5
Q

Edward Hyde aka Clarendon

A

A leader of the constitutional royalist MPs, informal advisor to Charles and appointed chancellor of the exchequer in 1643

He went into exile and joined Charles II becoming Lord Chancellor

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6
Q

Earl or Essex

A

Appointed commander of first Parliament army at edgehill

Led his army to disaster at Lostwithiel but escaped in rowing boat

He became a supporter of the peace faction and was accused of avoiding battle w king

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7
Q

Earl of Manchester

A

Charles attempted to arrest him as Manderville w 5 members in 1642

He became earl following his dad’s death

Commander of Eastern Association army and eventually member of peace faction

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8
Q

Denzil Holes

A

MP and opponent of Charles who was arrested after holding down speaker

Served during long parl and became leader of peace party and late Presbyterians

He argued with Cromwell and army and escaped to France 1648

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9
Q

Cromwell

A

MP for Hungtington and Cambridge

He rose from relative obscurity in the lesser gentry to become an important figure in parliaments forces, serving as second in command to manchester in the eastern association and to fairfax in the new model army

He rose in importance to become Lord protector 1653

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10
Q

Henry Marten

A

MP and one of the leaders of the War Faction in Parliament

A Puritan, but a hard drinker with a fondness for women

He was a Republican who was briefly expelled from the commons for calling for the end of the monarchy in 1643

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11
Q

Strengths of royalists at start of civil war

A

Loyalty of aristocracy and gentry

Professional and trained officers

Support of foreign rulers

Access to tax revenues

Unified command

Clear strategy

Able to mobilise more effective sources more quickly

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12
Q

Weakness of royalists at start of civil war

A

Geographical - parliament held wealthiest areas and major ports

Political divisions over leadership

Charles poor leadership

Parl controls navy

Parl- iron leather cloth and major stores or weapons in London

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13
Q

Strengths of Parliament at start of civil war

A

London

  • population
  • resources, trade
  • wealth- potential tax means
  • propaganda- printing press
  • political legitimacy
  • financial (although also controlled SE and East Anglia
  • population - men for war (inc London Trained Bands)
  • economic -manufacturing Base

Geographically - had better land

Control of major towns and ports

Navy

Possessions of Arsenals at Tower, Hull and Portsmouth

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14
Q

Weaknesses of Parliament at the start of the civil war

A

Funding for war not yet created

Weaknesses in county militias

Slower to mobilise forces and less military experience m

Divided strategy and leadership
Peace party - Holman
War- Pym
Radicals - Haselrig

Parliament did not have unified command —> they had Committee of safety - 2 kingdom

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15
Q

Edge hill

A

First major battle of civil war

Although Rupert routed parliament cavalry he did not return to attack their infantry which proved stubborn and effective

It was inconclusive with both sides claiming victory

1642

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16
Q

Brentford and Turnham Green

A

Two battles that were fought in Nov 1642

Essex’ infantry was strengthened by the London Trained Bands and they prevented royalists from advancing on London

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17
Q

Roundway down

A

A royalist cavalry force won a crushing victory over parliamentarians under Waller

It was part of the high point of royalist success in 1643 and helped lead to the capture of Bristol

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18
Q

First battle of Newbury

A

The 1st of 2 battles fought here

This battle saved Gloucester and halted the series of Royalist victories of 1643

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19
Q

Cheriton

A

Victory for Waller (P) against Hopton which stopped an advance towards London and south east

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20
Q

Marston Moor

A

Largest battle of civil war w Manchester’s Eastern association army bolstered by Scots fighting against Rupert and Newcastle

Begun during a thunderstorm in the evening, it was fought until darkness fell.
The allied victory resulted in Royalist defeat in North Eng

1644

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21
Q

Copredy Bridge

A

1644

Charles army defeated Waller

After a parliamentarian attack on the royalist rearguard was repulsed, Waller’s Army became demoralised and ineffective, improving royalists’ fortunes after marston Moor earlier that month

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22
Q

Lostwithiel

A

A disastrous defeat for parliament in south west.

Essex abandoned his infantry and fled by fishing boat, leading Skippon to surrender 6000 men

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23
Q

2nd battle of Newbury

A

1644

Tactical victory for parliament

However Cromwell and others were furious at failure to trap Charles after battle and Manchester’s half-hearted operations

It helped to lead to self-denying ordinance

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24
Q

Naseby

A

1645

The New Models Army 1st battle

Charles fought at the advice at Digby despite being significantly outnumbered

Resulting in crushing defeat for King with loss of his infantry, artillery and baggage

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25
Q

Langport

A

Took place after Naseby and helped lead to recapturing if Bristol form Prince Rupert

This denied Charles access to port and was a significant blow to royalist morale

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26
Q

1642

A

Royalist raise standard at Nottingham

Edgehill end in stalemate

Turnham Green saves London

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27
Q

1643

A

Oxford treaty negotiations fail

Royalist capture Bristol

Roundway down- highest point of royalist victories

Solemn league and covenant

Siege of Gloucester relieved by Parliament

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28
Q

1644

A

Copredy bridge defeat for Waller

Parliament secured north and marston Moor

Essex humiliated at Lostwithiel

2nd Battle of Newbury damages rep of Manchester

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29
Q

1645

A

New model and self denying ordinance

Unxbridge negotiations fail

New model victorious at Naseby

Langport secures west for Parliament

Parliament capture Bristol

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30
Q

1646

A

King surrenders at Newark

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31
Q

How did parliament develop its forces 1642-6

A

1642+ Use of ordinances collect revenues

1643 Formation of associations

1643 Solemn League and Covenant

1645 Self-denying ordinance

1645 Creation of the new model army

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32
Q

Name the 5 ordinances

A

Assessment ordinance

Sequestration ordinance

Compulsory loans ordinance

Excuse ordinance

Impressment ordinance

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33
Q

Assessment ordinance

A

Weekly assessments imposing a specific a sum of tax from each county

Unlike parliament subsidy, the assessments were based on ship money returns of the 1630s and therefore reflected more accurately the country’s actual wealth

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34
Q

Sequestration ordinance

A

Confiscated the property of royalists

Their estates were managed by local commissioners who used the profits to support parliaments war effort

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35
Q

Compulsory loans ordinance

A

Everyone worth £10 a year from land or £100 a year in goods to lend 1/5 of revenue of their estate or half of their value in other forms of property to Parliament

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36
Q

Excuse ordinance

A

A sales tax on a wide range of essential commodities and food stuff including beer and salt

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37
Q

Impressment ordinance

A

Introduced conscription, this ending parliaments reliance on volunteers

This helped to counteract the effects of desertion and enabled parliament to build larger armies

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38
Q

What effect did the civil war have on people

A

Violence

Destruction

Division - families split often over money

Disease

Death

Hunger

39
Q

Evolution of parliaments military organisation

A

Militia ordinance claims control of county militias - March 1642
—>
County committees formed under officers sent from London August 1642

MILITARY CHANGES
Association armies formed by grouping counties together under aristocratic officers 1643
—>
Self denying ordinance takes military commands away from aristocrats and gives them to professional soldiers 1645
—>
New model army formed by grouping association armies and other forces 1645

ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL CHANGES
-County committees enforce series of ordinances 1643
—>
County committees answerable to central committees based in London

40
Q

Formation of associations

A

Early in the war Parliament suffered from the problem that local militias were often unwilling to operate outside their locality

This was solved through the formation of associations. Eg the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire joined their military resources together in the Eastern Association

The commander of the Eastern Association army was Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester, w Oliver Cromwell as his cavalry commander

In August 1643, Manchester was given significant powers, including the ability to impress 20,000 men into the Eastern Association Army

41
Q

Solemn league and covenant

A

1643

Scotland said they will fight for Presbyterianism

42
Q

Alliance with Scotland

A

Scotland worried about royalist victories 1643 as Presbyterian leaders feared that if Charles subdued parliament’s opposition, he would then use his army to reduce the Scots to obedience

Parliament was eager for help from a Scots army, so their commissioners agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant. The Scots believed that this bound the English to establish Presbyterian government in the English church

However the treaty actually states that England would model its church on the ‘best reformed churches’- the Scots thought this meant their church, English did not

Parliament called Westminster Assembly to advice it on the gov and doctrine of the Church of England.
It convened 1 July 1643 + made up largely of ministers from parliamentary controlled areas, and a few laymen appointed by parliament.
A delegation of Scottish commissioners also attended proceedings

HOC and Westminister Assembly took the Solemn League and Covenant on Sept 1643.
England then sent Scotland the money to raise and equip an army

Jan 1644- Scottish army of 20,000 commanded by Leslie crosses the border.
They played an important role in the parliamentary victory at marston Moor

43
Q

What is going on in Ireland

A

Negotiations between parl and Scot —> Charles forced to seek military help from Ireland

On behalf on Charles, Ormand entered negotiations with Confederates in April 1643 and the Cessation of Arms was signed in September 1644

In exchange for money and supplies to royalists in England, confederates were;
•promised the possibility of freedom of worship to Catholics and making constitutional reforms in Ireland
•allowed gov troops stationed in Ireland to return to England to fight for royalists

BUT parl used the situation to their advantage- implying that returning troops were blood thirsty Irish papists- this playing upon the worst fear of English Protestants

44
Q

disagreements between parl factions

A

montagu- ‘If we fight 100 battles and beat him 99 times he will be king
But if he beats us but once or the last time, we will be hung’

Cromwell: ‘Why did we take arms in the first place’

45
Q

What was the self denying ordinance and what was it in response too

A

Oliver Cromwell and MPs passed it December 1644

In response to half hearted military command

It required all MPs to resign their commissions in the armed forces

A slightly revised version of it April 1645 allowed MPs to be re-appointed to military command

Cromwell reigned his place as did Essex and Manchester but he was reappointed but they were not

46
Q

The new Model army

A

Formed in January 1645

Differed from other armies in series of civil wars as it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country inc Scot and Ireland, rather than being tied to a single area of garrison

It’s soldiers became full-time professionals rather than part time militia

Parliament used the self-denying ordinance to remove unwanted aristocratic officers
It was led by Fairfax, with Cromwell in charge of cavalry and Skippon in charge of the infantry

47
Q

Organisation of the new model army

A

22,000 soldiers
6600 cavalry

14,400 infantry

One regiment of 1000 dragoon’s

Units from existing parliamentarian armies of the earl of Essex, the southern association under the Earl of Manchester were reassigned to provide regiments for the new army

Although cavalry regiments already strong and there were loads of volunteers, the regiments of foot soldiers needed 7000 reinforcements to be brought up to full strength

Men were impressed from parliamentarian held areas in the south and east to provide necessary drafts, but many deserted and army was still 4000 men short of its paper infantry established May 1645

48
Q

Radicalism of new model army

A

Raised partly from among veteran soldiers who already held deeply Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly held beliefs about religion or society

Many of its common soldiers therefore held Dissenting or radical views unique among English armies

Although the army’s senior officers did not share many of soldiers political opinions, the independence from parl led army’s willingness to contribute to overthrow both crown and parl authority to establish commonwealth of England from 1649-1660, which included a period of direct military rule

49
Q

Radicalism definition

A

Departure from tradition

Support for complete political or social reform

(Old meaning of radicalism - not a departure from tradition)

50
Q

Name the 4 types of radicalism

A

Parliament

Westminister Assembly

London

Army

51
Q

How do Whig historians understand radicalism

A

Emergence of important modern democratic ideas within this period - although these were often in an embryonic form:

  • concept of individual liberty
  • religious toleration
  • democracy - widening franchise
52
Q

How do Marxist historians understand radicalism

A

Period of considerable social change

Emphasise role of class conflict and rising bourgeois class (middle class) who challenge the way the country is run and provoke hostilities

Some regarded religious radicalism as a cover for deeper social and political radicalism

53
Q

Revisionist historians on radicalism

A

Some deny the importance of ideological or class struggle

Russell argues the civil wars were not revolutionary or radicalism but caused by a combination of the structural weaknesses of Stuart government and the mistakes of Charles

Adamson saw the civil wars as the campaign of a tightly-knit group of nobles to bring down Charles’ government and erect their own aristocratic ‘commonwealth’

Others like Morrill emphasise the importance of religious radicalism but see it as important in its own right

54
Q

Who were radicals in Parliament

A

Henry marten

Henry cane the younger

Haselrig

Strode

55
Q

Should parliament negotiate with the king

Opinions

A

Holles
-end war asap
-parl passing laws that threaten to undermine liberties more than king
If he wins war we get no mercy

Pym

  • prepare for war
  • negotiate for peace
  • when king realised that we can win- hell accept our deals (will be more inclined too)

Marten
Fight and win
King won’t negotiate in good faith
If he keeps rejecting - change of dynasty or republic

56
Q

Should Parliament ally w Scots

Opinions

A

Holles
No it’s a mistake
King will bring troops from Ireland Spain or France
Anger king and make negotiations harder

Pym
Yes they are kings subjects
We need their help esp in north
If we ally s them king won’t make a deal w them

Marten
Scottish alliance essential
When times comes we may not honour Presbyterian church
But rn its a price worth paying

57
Q

Should Parliament replace Essex

Opinion

A

Holles
- yes he is losing the war
So we must make peace. If he can’t win the war for Parliament no one can

Pym
-doing a good job in difficult circumstances
To take away his command would cause panic

Marten
Replace him with someone who will fight more vigorously
Of give Waller an independent command in west

58
Q

Why did parliament become more polarised after 1643

A

Pym and Hamden died
Polarised 1644

2 factions
Presbyterianism - peace faction
Independent - war faction and radical

59
Q

Political Presbyterians

A

Leading members: holles, Manchester and Essex

Aim- end war through negotiations

Promotions from lower ranks should be discouraged. War threatens social disorder

A national Presbyterian church to replace church on England. Compulsory attendance will prevent kingdom descending into religious anarchy

A Presbyterian church settlement will consolidate our alliance with Scotland.
In time it could even pave the way for the unification of the 2 kingdoms

60
Q

Political independents

A

Leading members: Cromwell, ireton, saye and sele, Oliver st John

Aim: win war

‘The state in choosing men to serve them, takes to notice of their opinions. If they be willing faithfully to serve them, that satisfies’ ~ Cromwell

The Scots entered war for one reason
We like them as allies
They must not expect to dictate to us the terms on which we settle the kingdom when the war ends

61
Q

How did alliance with Scots change support for Presbyterianism

A

1643
Presbyterians against Scots
Independents for Scots

1644
Former Independents see Presbyterianism as a threat to religious liberators and as an acceptable settlement w king

Former presbyterians now see Scottish presbyterians as the best way to control religious radicals and reach agreement with king

62
Q

Why did radicalism develop

A

The process of war and steps taken to secure victory altered attitudes and perceptions in unforeseen ways

There was an upsurge in support for peace party

At the same time new and radical ideas emerged among the war party

63
Q

Desire for peace

A

Overwhelming desire for peace - reflected in clubman uprisings

High level of death, destruction and distribution in many parts of country

Parliamentary taxation and royalist demands dwarfed Charles financial measures before 1640

This translated in a desire by some to retur to pre war normality as soon as possible

64
Q

New radicalism

A

The strains of war effort and parliamentary propaganda needed to maintain it encouraged radical ideas

New ideas and expectations developed among those who had fought most enthusiastically for Parliament

The need to win the war led to new idea such as the need for meritocracy in officers - which resulted in self-denying ordinance

The need to win over the Scots helped to secure the abolition of episcopacy

The abolition of bishops and prerogative courts further encouraged radicalism from 1641

There was no longer any effective control over preachers

There was also no effective control over the press or censorship from 164 until parliament introduced the licensing act 1643
This allowed religious and political radicals to emerge from hiding or prison such as Overton who was the founder of the leveller movement

65
Q

The Westminister Assembly during he civil war

A

Parliament called Westminister Assembly 1643 in prep for solemn league and covenant

It formed 3 main factions
• Presbyterians
•Congregationalists/independents
•erastians

66
Q

Westminister Assembly

Presbyterians

A

Majority of assembly members supported Presbyterian policy - church gov by elected assemblies of lay and clerical representatives

However many were not dogmatically committed to it

Several members of this group, numbering about 20 and including Twisse, favoured a ‘primitive’ episcopacy, which would include elements of Presbyterianism and a reduced role for bishops

67
Q

Westminister Assembly

Independents

A

Independents were a small minority in the Westminister Assembly but they were significant in terms of parliamentary support

They considered themselves Congregationalists, who favoured the right of self government for individual local churches

Their most influential divines were Goodwin, Nye, Simpson, Burroughs and Bridge

They were often called the ‘dissenting brethren’ in the assembly

They did not like being called independent as they did not favour complete

68
Q

Westminister Assembly

Erastians

A

3rd group of divines were known as Erastians, a term for those who believed that the state should have significant power over the church

Believed that civil authority, rather than church officers, should hold the power of church discipline.
This included the power to withhold communion from unrepentant sinners

There were only 2 divine at Assembly who held the view, Lighthood and Coleman, but the presence of MPs, especially Selden, as well as the fact of parliamentary oversight of the assembly, gave erastian views disproportional influence

They combined with Congregationalists to attack Presbyterianism

69
Q

Parliaments reordering of the Church

A

1641 Root Branch Petition debated

1642 Clerical Disabilities Bill - bishops excluded from the lords

1643 Parliament creates Westminister Assembly - Assembly of the Divines

1643- Solemn League and Covenant

1644- ‘Bill of attainder’ - and executed 1645

1644 James I english prayer book (1604) outlawed and replaced by the directory of public worship

1646 Episcopacy abolished by ordinance drafted by Oliver St John in October / with their lands to be sold off

1647- Court courts had been abolished and many festivals outlawed

1647 A new form of Presbyterianism was introduced - subordinate to parliament

1648- 2 new catechisms were created -larger and shorter levels

70
Q

Radicalism : responsibility for war

A

Pamphlets of August 1643 blamed London for rebellion and war = royalist writer - Brehenhead

On the side of Parliament ‘London’s new colours Displaid’ July 1468 endorsed London’s credentials ‘example towards freedom’

71
Q

Radicalisation: mobilisation at Turnham Green

A

Mobilisation of London 1642 made king leave

Nov 1642- Brooke called on London merchants —> led to massed ranks of Londoners who persuaded the king to withdraw to oxford from Turnham Green

1642- several ordinances

Humble proposal of safety May 1643- recommended shutting of shops

72
Q

Radicalism: control of London militia

A

Became focal point for political radicalism

1643+44, the Salters Hall Committee pushes to create its own private army for the city of London, which would be managed by a Committee and not the king or corporation

73
Q

Radicalism: City councils ‘petition and remonstrance’

A

Placed people not king at heart of political process
—> sovereign authority came from silk of people and thus Parliament = more significant

Political leaders in London such as Warned and Mainwaring sat in parliament as on key government committees like militia committees

They acted as a bridge between London radicalism and Parliament debates —> radical developments

74
Q

Radicalism in new model army

A

Moderate Presbyterian, Baxten visited the army and Naseby and were :O

He understood the war was being fought in part to maintain Anglican Church against papist onslaught.

He believed new model army was aiming at a revolution within church attempting to subvert the church by introducing democracy into church government which he understood to be dreadful

Baxter backed this

Consequences
Soldiers who fought for new model army entered an organisation that was engaged in 2 related but distinctive battles

On the one hand - the New model army was fighting to win the battle for constitutional settlement between king and parl

On the other hand- some felt that it was engaged in an apocalyptic struggle in which the godly soldiers of the true church fought against the anti christ

75
Q

Radicalism: newspapers

A

Invented early year of civil war

Typical content included battlefield news, reports of speeches by the king and accounts of debates in Parliament often accompanied by opinionated commentary and satirical cartoons

On the whole - parl titles tended to be more accurate

Pro Royalists less truthful but more funny

76
Q

Radicalism: emergence of propaganda

A

King fled field at naseby 1645 leaving behind possessions including a cabinet filled with personal correspondence from 2 years

Within a month pro parliamentary printers published selected letters on a pamphlet entitled ‘The Kings Cabinet opened’

The correspondence included private letters from king to marquis of ormand encourgaing him to suspend anti catholic legislation

Edward attack on religious radicalising new model army

77
Q

Radicalism: spread of public debate

A

Between 1640+1643 over 400 pamphlets emerged in London - mainly concerned with defending Protestantism and written by assorted clergy lawyers and laymen

By 1644, the content of pamphlets began to show a new stand emerging in religious discourse as the Presbyterian puritans argued against advocates of a new form of Congregationalist imported from the new world as best model of church governance

78
Q

Radicalism: Milton and areopagitica

A

The works of Milton provide insightful observations about the heart of London during this period

Where some saw chaos and disorder, he was excited by the risk of free thinking that the loosening of boundaries had been enabled

79
Q

Radicalism: the growth of sects

!!!

A

Sect = independent religious groups

80
Q

6 reasons why parliament won the first civil war

A

resources

Building armies

Alliances

Political struggles

Winning battles

Learning from experience

81
Q

Civil war: resources

A

Royalist

  • Controls areas —> access to leather, coal and iron
  • pop area - control —-> York (10,000)

Parliament

  • control of large towns like London (propaganda and pop 350,000-400,000)
  • London - major stores of weapons
  • Norwich - cloth and high pop (20,000)
  • Bristol - cloth
  • parliament captured York
  • ordinance meant can resource war better
  • linger war = harder for king
82
Q

Civil war: building armies, Royalist

A

Commissions of array 1642

1642- County committees of wealthier of gentry formed to raise money and recruit soldiers -liaise with the commanders of local garrisons so their needs could be met out of local taxation. Could also confiscate estates of parliamentarians

6 military districts formed by grouping counties under regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ 1643

1644- regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ replaced by ruthless professional soldiers with no local ties

Beginning of war - raising money and troops = in hands of local gentry and wealthy lords like earl of Newcastle who raised and equipped a regiment of infantry - the ‘Whitecoats’ out of his own pocket

Summer 1642 loans and gifts poured into king as pledge of loyalty

1644 Oxford Parliament passed a bill legalising conscription along with excise tax on basic commodities. By this time parl had done for year.

Charles armies - personal rivalries.
Eg edgehill - Charles put Rupert as independent command of cavalry.
-Lindsey so sad- quit post - and fought with infantry where he died

83
Q

Civil war: building armies, parliamentarians

A

Militia ordinance 1642

July 1642- committee of safety to oversee conducts of war and voted to raise an army

August officers were sent from London to co-ordinate county defence and soon county committees were formed

1643- ordinances

1644- parl put Manchester in direct control over tax assessments raised on eastern counties

Associations - Eastern association was most effective

1645 fairfax in command of NMA
Fairfax married Presbyterian - good relationship
NMA and Scot = allies

84
Q

Civil war making alliances: royalists

A

Cessation but parl had control of navy so prevented large number of Irish forces to come to England. And Irish troops available for such service - smaller that thought

Montrose -> had support from highland = largely catholic.

  • successful campaign, forced Covenanters to divert forged from England
  • he was defeated 1645

Henrietta Maria
Went to Europe for a year 1642
Came with weapons and money but no continental power had any intention of intervening

Royalist councils were divided.
Henrietta maria urged Charles to fight till parliament defeated but Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with parliament. Rivals between commandeers was fierce and some event fought duels among selves

Charles= poor judge of character - digby advises fighting new model army at Naseby despite outnumbered 2:1. Goring was an able commander when sober but proved disastrous when drunk

Charles - grudges - blames Rupert for loss of Bristol

85
Q

Civil war, making alliances, Parliament

A

Parliament has control of navy

King —> bad propaganda —> as letters to pope and Spain for help was intercepted

Charles tried to help York
(Scots going too)
Stops Charles from his acc goal

Argyll - presses for alliance with England - led to solemn league and covenant

86
Q

Civil war - political struggles - royalists

A

Unified command but he does not listen to everyone

Charles sides with Cavaliers against moderate royalists - this may have contributed to Falklands death

1643- King says parl= illegal

1644- Hyde persuaded king to open oxford parliament - idea to show Charles intended to work hand in hand with loyal Parliament once war over.
This might persuade parliamentarians to swap sides
This drew support of 175 MPs
And a lot of public support

87
Q

Civil war political struggles, Parliament

A

Political division with peace and war party 1642-44

And marten - radical - abolish monarchy

To win war - leaders of ‘war party’ had to
•convince moderates - X revolution
•prevent peace party from making a dishonourable peace
•prevent parl switching alliance
AND they had to pass legislations

88
Q

Civil war winning battles

A

Charles made self commander in chief - unified command at start - but was a poor tactician A his fault

Learning from experience:
Edgehill - both sides assumed other would give in at first sight of blood.
-plan of Naseby suggested armies were arranged before battle in a disciplined and organised way. Once battle joined however, order could quickly collapse. When this happened a great deal depended on soldiers and quality of leadership of their officers

Marston Moor

1644- Royalist army of 18,000 commanded by Rupert faced Parl and Scot of 27000 on Marston Moor.
-Ruperts army - flat Moor - relying on ditch to slow parl cavalry if charged.

-parliaments army positioned by Cromwell
-army had advantage of height
For royalists - invisible - hidden in folds in hill
- road and ditch = protection from ruperts cavalruc
EVENING Rupert had dinner - too late for anyone to come
-Leslie saw they were relaxing and attacked

89
Q

How was Charles the reason he lost the civil war

A

Charles = poor judge of character- lead to mistakes. Lord digby advises fighting new model army at naseby despite outnumbered 2:1

Charles bore grudges - blamed Rupert for loss of Bristol

Charles made himself commander in chief of royalist forces - gave him unified and strong command at start of war but Charles was poor tactician and so he’s reponsible l

Charles relies on foreign aid. His nephews Rupert and Maurice were key to royalist war effort. Charles captured letters

Ceccasation

Charles administration became less effective as war went on. He set up seperate council in Bristol and in north - weakened his control

Charles indisisive - failed to capitalise victories in 1643 when royalists were in the ascendancy after Adwalton Moor, Roundway Down and capture of Bristol. Royalists lost initiative and early advantage

Charles initially appointed powerful and influential men through commissions of array. But they were often ineffective commanders and when more experienced commanders appointed eg Rupert —> causes division in royalist councils

90
Q

How did Henrietta Maria and other royalist figures lead to Charles losing the civil war

A

Royalist councils were divided. Henrietta Maria urged Charles to fight on until parliament was defeated while Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with Parliament. Rivalry between commanders was fierce and some events fought duels among selves

A sense of honour weakened the royalists.
Newcastle disappeared abroad after his failure at Marston Moor rather than have his honour questioned. Henrietta Maria repeatedly told Charles it would be dishonourable to negotiate

Royalists controlled poorer parts of the country such as Cornwall and wales. This our them at a disadvantage in a prolonged war as the King found it more difficult to raise money and troops

Charles allowed Rupert and Goring to plunder and sack towns to gain supplies. Parliamentary propaganda attacked their brutality and used this win support

Clubmen uprisings hampered the royalist war effort more than parliament. Royalists were seen as more exploitative and brutal than the more disciplined parliamentary forces

Rupert, Goring and other royalist cavalry commanders were effective but undisciplined. At edgehill they could have crushed the parliamentary infantry if they had returned the battlefield after routing their cavalry

91
Q

How did london help parliament win war

A

Parliament controlled London and all the major ports, until fall of Bristol 1643.
This allowed them to control and tax imports and hampered Charles’ attempts to bring in supplies from abroad

Parliament controlled london and major industrial areas of the country. This allowed them to manufacture arms, clothes and other equipment.

Parliament controlled wealth parts of England in London, East Anglia and the South East. The city of London provided vital loans that helped to finance the parliamentary war effort.

92
Q

How did parliamentary figures lead to parliament winning the civil war

A

Cromwell was an able commander. This disciplined cavalry proved decisive at Marston Moor, and after the formation of the New Model Army at Naseby

Until his death in 1643 Pym was skillful in keeping peace and war factions together. He also helped create the Solemn League and Covenant which gained Parliament valuable ally in the Scots

Parliament created a powerful administration, especially under the direction of Pym in early 1643. They passed ordinances which raised money and men

93
Q

Other factors leading to parliament winning the civil war

A

Parliament controlled he navy which enabled them to develop logistics and supply strongholds such as Hull and Plymouth that were in Royalist territory. They also hampered Charles’ attempts to able to gain supplies from Ireland and abroad

Parliament created effective administration at county level, creating country committees controlled by loyal supporters. These were important in raising taxes and manpower needed to win a prolonged war.

Parliament developed a much stronger intelligence, espionage and scouting network. In 1645 parliament knew the locations about strengths of royalist forces, and they capturing important letters between Goring and the main Royalist forces.

English History (15 decks)

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