First Covil War Flashcards
Prince Rupert
Charles nephew and general
He was quick thinking and energetic cavalry leader but gained a reputation for brutality after sacking Birmingham
He quarrelled with other royalists and blamed for loss of Bristol
Viscount Falkland
A leading constitutional royalist and member of the peace party
He was Charles’ Secretary of State but despairing of the failure of the oxford negotiations
He rode to his death in the first battle of Newbury
George lord digby
Advisor to Charles, becoming Secretary of State in 1643 following death of Falkland
His continual quarrels and intrigues were divisive and advice was often unreliable and widely over - optimistic, such as advising attack of new model army at naseby
Earl of Newcastle
Involved in 1641 army plot
In charge of royalist forces in Yorkshire and north
He was defeated in battle of marston Moor and left England to life in Paris
Edward Hyde aka Clarendon
A leader of the constitutional royalist MPs, informal advisor to Charles and appointed chancellor of the exchequer in 1643
He went into exile and joined Charles II becoming Lord Chancellor
Earl or Essex
Appointed commander of first Parliament army at edgehill
Led his army to disaster at Lostwithiel but escaped in rowing boat
He became a supporter of the peace faction and was accused of avoiding battle w king
Earl of Manchester
Charles attempted to arrest him as Manderville w 5 members in 1642
He became earl following his dad’s death
Commander of Eastern Association army and eventually member of peace faction
Denzil Holes
MP and opponent of Charles who was arrested after holding down speaker
Served during long parl and became leader of peace party and late Presbyterians
He argued with Cromwell and army and escaped to France 1648
Cromwell
MP for Hungtington and Cambridge
He rose from relative obscurity in the lesser gentry to become an important figure in parliaments forces, serving as second in command to manchester in the eastern association and to fairfax in the new model army
He rose in importance to become Lord protector 1653
Henry Marten
MP and one of the leaders of the War Faction in Parliament
A Puritan, but a hard drinker with a fondness for women
He was a Republican who was briefly expelled from the commons for calling for the end of the monarchy in 1643
Strengths of royalists at start of civil war
Loyalty of aristocracy and gentry
Professional and trained officers
Support of foreign rulers
Access to tax revenues
Unified command
Clear strategy
Able to mobilise more effective sources more quickly
Weakness of royalists at start of civil war
Geographical - parliament held wealthiest areas and major ports
Political divisions over leadership
Charles poor leadership
Parl controls navy
Parl- iron leather cloth and major stores or weapons in London
Strengths of Parliament at start of civil war
London
- population
- resources, trade
- wealth- potential tax means
- propaganda- printing press
- political legitimacy
- financial (although also controlled SE and East Anglia
- population - men for war (inc London Trained Bands)
- economic -manufacturing Base
Geographically - had better land
Control of major towns and ports
Navy
Possessions of Arsenals at Tower, Hull and Portsmouth
Weaknesses of Parliament at the start of the civil war
Funding for war not yet created
Weaknesses in county militias
Slower to mobilise forces and less military experience m
Divided strategy and leadership
Peace party - Holman
War- Pym
Radicals - Haselrig
Parliament did not have unified command —> they had Committee of safety - 2 kingdom
Edge hill
First major battle of civil war
Although Rupert routed parliament cavalry he did not return to attack their infantry which proved stubborn and effective
It was inconclusive with both sides claiming victory
1642
Brentford and Turnham Green
Two battles that were fought in Nov 1642
Essex’ infantry was strengthened by the London Trained Bands and they prevented royalists from advancing on London
Roundway down
A royalist cavalry force won a crushing victory over parliamentarians under Waller
It was part of the high point of royalist success in 1643 and helped lead to the capture of Bristol
First battle of Newbury
The 1st of 2 battles fought here
This battle saved Gloucester and halted the series of Royalist victories of 1643
Cheriton
Victory for Waller (P) against Hopton which stopped an advance towards London and south east
Marston Moor
Largest battle of civil war w Manchester’s Eastern association army bolstered by Scots fighting against Rupert and Newcastle
Begun during a thunderstorm in the evening, it was fought until darkness fell.
The allied victory resulted in Royalist defeat in North Eng
1644
Copredy Bridge
1644
Charles army defeated Waller
After a parliamentarian attack on the royalist rearguard was repulsed, Waller’s Army became demoralised and ineffective, improving royalists’ fortunes after marston Moor earlier that month
Lostwithiel
A disastrous defeat for parliament in south west.
Essex abandoned his infantry and fled by fishing boat, leading Skippon to surrender 6000 men
2nd battle of Newbury
1644
Tactical victory for parliament
However Cromwell and others were furious at failure to trap Charles after battle and Manchester’s half-hearted operations
It helped to lead to self-denying ordinance
Naseby
1645
The New Models Army 1st battle
Charles fought at the advice at Digby despite being significantly outnumbered
Resulting in crushing defeat for King with loss of his infantry, artillery and baggage
Langport
Took place after Naseby and helped lead to recapturing if Bristol form Prince Rupert
This denied Charles access to port and was a significant blow to royalist morale
1642
Royalist raise standard at Nottingham
Edgehill end in stalemate
Turnham Green saves London
1643
Oxford treaty negotiations fail
Royalist capture Bristol
Roundway down- highest point of royalist victories
Solemn league and covenant
Siege of Gloucester relieved by Parliament
1644
Copredy bridge defeat for Waller
Parliament secured north and marston Moor
Essex humiliated at Lostwithiel
2nd Battle of Newbury damages rep of Manchester
1645
New model and self denying ordinance
Unxbridge negotiations fail
New model victorious at Naseby
Langport secures west for Parliament
Parliament capture Bristol
1646
King surrenders at Newark
How did parliament develop its forces 1642-6
1642+ Use of ordinances collect revenues
1643 Formation of associations
1643 Solemn League and Covenant
1645 Self-denying ordinance
1645 Creation of the new model army
Name the 5 ordinances
Assessment ordinance
Sequestration ordinance
Compulsory loans ordinance
Excuse ordinance
Impressment ordinance
Assessment ordinance
Weekly assessments imposing a specific a sum of tax from each county
Unlike parliament subsidy, the assessments were based on ship money returns of the 1630s and therefore reflected more accurately the country’s actual wealth
Sequestration ordinance
Confiscated the property of royalists
Their estates were managed by local commissioners who used the profits to support parliaments war effort
Compulsory loans ordinance
Everyone worth £10 a year from land or £100 a year in goods to lend 1/5 of revenue of their estate or half of their value in other forms of property to Parliament
Excuse ordinance
A sales tax on a wide range of essential commodities and food stuff including beer and salt
Impressment ordinance
Introduced conscription, this ending parliaments reliance on volunteers
This helped to counteract the effects of desertion and enabled parliament to build larger armies
What effect did the civil war have on people
Violence
Destruction
Division - families split often over money
Disease
Death
Hunger
Evolution of parliaments military organisation
Militia ordinance claims control of county militias - March 1642
—>
County committees formed under officers sent from London August 1642
MILITARY CHANGES
Association armies formed by grouping counties together under aristocratic officers 1643
—>
Self denying ordinance takes military commands away from aristocrats and gives them to professional soldiers 1645
—>
New model army formed by grouping association armies and other forces 1645
ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL CHANGES
-County committees enforce series of ordinances 1643
—>
County committees answerable to central committees based in London
Formation of associations
Early in the war Parliament suffered from the problem that local militias were often unwilling to operate outside their locality
This was solved through the formation of associations. Eg the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire joined their military resources together in the Eastern Association
The commander of the Eastern Association army was Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester, w Oliver Cromwell as his cavalry commander
In August 1643, Manchester was given significant powers, including the ability to impress 20,000 men into the Eastern Association Army
Solemn league and covenant
1643
Scotland said they will fight for Presbyterianism
Alliance with Scotland
Scotland worried about royalist victories 1643 as Presbyterian leaders feared that if Charles subdued parliament’s opposition, he would then use his army to reduce the Scots to obedience
Parliament was eager for help from a Scots army, so their commissioners agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant. The Scots believed that this bound the English to establish Presbyterian government in the English church
However the treaty actually states that England would model its church on the ‘best reformed churches’- the Scots thought this meant their church, English did not
Parliament called Westminster Assembly to advice it on the gov and doctrine of the Church of England.
It convened 1 July 1643 + made up largely of ministers from parliamentary controlled areas, and a few laymen appointed by parliament.
A delegation of Scottish commissioners also attended proceedings
HOC and Westminister Assembly took the Solemn League and Covenant on Sept 1643.
England then sent Scotland the money to raise and equip an army
Jan 1644- Scottish army of 20,000 commanded by Leslie crosses the border.
They played an important role in the parliamentary victory at marston Moor
What is going on in Ireland
Negotiations between parl and Scot —> Charles forced to seek military help from Ireland
On behalf on Charles, Ormand entered negotiations with Confederates in April 1643 and the Cessation of Arms was signed in September 1644
In exchange for money and supplies to royalists in England, confederates were;
•promised the possibility of freedom of worship to Catholics and making constitutional reforms in Ireland
•allowed gov troops stationed in Ireland to return to England to fight for royalists
BUT parl used the situation to their advantage- implying that returning troops were blood thirsty Irish papists- this playing upon the worst fear of English Protestants
disagreements between parl factions
montagu- ‘If we fight 100 battles and beat him 99 times he will be king
But if he beats us but once or the last time, we will be hung’
Cromwell: ‘Why did we take arms in the first place’
What was the self denying ordinance and what was it in response too
Oliver Cromwell and MPs passed it December 1644
In response to half hearted military command
It required all MPs to resign their commissions in the armed forces
A slightly revised version of it April 1645 allowed MPs to be re-appointed to military command
Cromwell reigned his place as did Essex and Manchester but he was reappointed but they were not
The new Model army
Formed in January 1645
Differed from other armies in series of civil wars as it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country inc Scot and Ireland, rather than being tied to a single area of garrison
It’s soldiers became full-time professionals rather than part time militia
Parliament used the self-denying ordinance to remove unwanted aristocratic officers
It was led by Fairfax, with Cromwell in charge of cavalry and Skippon in charge of the infantry
Organisation of the new model army
22,000 soldiers
6600 cavalry
14,400 infantry
One regiment of 1000 dragoon’s
Units from existing parliamentarian armies of the earl of Essex, the southern association under the Earl of Manchester were reassigned to provide regiments for the new army
Although cavalry regiments already strong and there were loads of volunteers, the regiments of foot soldiers needed 7000 reinforcements to be brought up to full strength
Men were impressed from parliamentarian held areas in the south and east to provide necessary drafts, but many deserted and army was still 4000 men short of its paper infantry established May 1645
Radicalism of new model army
Raised partly from among veteran soldiers who already held deeply Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly held beliefs about religion or society
Many of its common soldiers therefore held Dissenting or radical views unique among English armies
Although the army’s senior officers did not share many of soldiers political opinions, the independence from parl led army’s willingness to contribute to overthrow both crown and parl authority to establish commonwealth of England from 1649-1660, which included a period of direct military rule
Radicalism definition
Departure from tradition
Support for complete political or social reform
(Old meaning of radicalism - not a departure from tradition)
Name the 4 types of radicalism
Parliament
Westminister Assembly
London
Army
How do Whig historians understand radicalism
Emergence of important modern democratic ideas within this period - although these were often in an embryonic form:
- concept of individual liberty
- religious toleration
- democracy - widening franchise
How do Marxist historians understand radicalism
Period of considerable social change
Emphasise role of class conflict and rising bourgeois class (middle class) who challenge the way the country is run and provoke hostilities
Some regarded religious radicalism as a cover for deeper social and political radicalism
Revisionist historians on radicalism
Some deny the importance of ideological or class struggle
Russell argues the civil wars were not revolutionary or radicalism but caused by a combination of the structural weaknesses of Stuart government and the mistakes of Charles
Adamson saw the civil wars as the campaign of a tightly-knit group of nobles to bring down Charles’ government and erect their own aristocratic ‘commonwealth’
Others like Morrill emphasise the importance of religious radicalism but see it as important in its own right
Who were radicals in Parliament
Henry marten
Henry cane the younger
Haselrig
Strode
Should parliament negotiate with the king
Opinions
Holles
-end war asap
-parl passing laws that threaten to undermine liberties more than king
If he wins war we get no mercy
Pym
- prepare for war
- negotiate for peace
- when king realised that we can win- hell accept our deals (will be more inclined too)
Marten
Fight and win
King won’t negotiate in good faith
If he keeps rejecting - change of dynasty or republic
Should Parliament ally w Scots
Opinions
Holles
No it’s a mistake
King will bring troops from Ireland Spain or France
Anger king and make negotiations harder
Pym
Yes they are kings subjects
We need their help esp in north
If we ally s them king won’t make a deal w them
Marten
Scottish alliance essential
When times comes we may not honour Presbyterian church
But rn its a price worth paying
Should Parliament replace Essex
Opinion
Holles
- yes he is losing the war
So we must make peace. If he can’t win the war for Parliament no one can
Pym
-doing a good job in difficult circumstances
To take away his command would cause panic
Marten
Replace him with someone who will fight more vigorously
Of give Waller an independent command in west
Why did parliament become more polarised after 1643
Pym and Hamden died
Polarised 1644
2 factions
Presbyterianism - peace faction
Independent - war faction and radical
Political Presbyterians
Leading members: holles, Manchester and Essex
Aim- end war through negotiations
Promotions from lower ranks should be discouraged. War threatens social disorder
A national Presbyterian church to replace church on England. Compulsory attendance will prevent kingdom descending into religious anarchy
A Presbyterian church settlement will consolidate our alliance with Scotland.
In time it could even pave the way for the unification of the 2 kingdoms
Political independents
Leading members: Cromwell, ireton, saye and sele, Oliver st John
Aim: win war
‘The state in choosing men to serve them, takes to notice of their opinions. If they be willing faithfully to serve them, that satisfies’ ~ Cromwell
The Scots entered war for one reason
We like them as allies
They must not expect to dictate to us the terms on which we settle the kingdom when the war ends
How did alliance with Scots change support for Presbyterianism
1643
Presbyterians against Scots
Independents for Scots
1644
Former Independents see Presbyterianism as a threat to religious liberators and as an acceptable settlement w king
Former presbyterians now see Scottish presbyterians as the best way to control religious radicals and reach agreement with king
Why did radicalism develop
The process of war and steps taken to secure victory altered attitudes and perceptions in unforeseen ways
There was an upsurge in support for peace party
At the same time new and radical ideas emerged among the war party
Desire for peace
Overwhelming desire for peace - reflected in clubman uprisings
High level of death, destruction and distribution in many parts of country
Parliamentary taxation and royalist demands dwarfed Charles financial measures before 1640
This translated in a desire by some to retur to pre war normality as soon as possible
New radicalism
The strains of war effort and parliamentary propaganda needed to maintain it encouraged radical ideas
New ideas and expectations developed among those who had fought most enthusiastically for Parliament
The need to win the war led to new idea such as the need for meritocracy in officers - which resulted in self-denying ordinance
The need to win over the Scots helped to secure the abolition of episcopacy
The abolition of bishops and prerogative courts further encouraged radicalism from 1641
There was no longer any effective control over preachers
There was also no effective control over the press or censorship from 164 until parliament introduced the licensing act 1643
This allowed religious and political radicals to emerge from hiding or prison such as Overton who was the founder of the leveller movement
The Westminister Assembly during he civil war
Parliament called Westminister Assembly 1643 in prep for solemn league and covenant
It formed 3 main factions
• Presbyterians
•Congregationalists/independents
•erastians
Westminister Assembly
Presbyterians
Majority of assembly members supported Presbyterian policy - church gov by elected assemblies of lay and clerical representatives
However many were not dogmatically committed to it
Several members of this group, numbering about 20 and including Twisse, favoured a ‘primitive’ episcopacy, which would include elements of Presbyterianism and a reduced role for bishops
Westminister Assembly
Independents
Independents were a small minority in the Westminister Assembly but they were significant in terms of parliamentary support
They considered themselves Congregationalists, who favoured the right of self government for individual local churches
Their most influential divines were Goodwin, Nye, Simpson, Burroughs and Bridge
They were often called the ‘dissenting brethren’ in the assembly
They did not like being called independent as they did not favour complete
Westminister Assembly
Erastians
3rd group of divines were known as Erastians, a term for those who believed that the state should have significant power over the church
Believed that civil authority, rather than church officers, should hold the power of church discipline.
This included the power to withhold communion from unrepentant sinners
There were only 2 divine at Assembly who held the view, Lighthood and Coleman, but the presence of MPs, especially Selden, as well as the fact of parliamentary oversight of the assembly, gave erastian views disproportional influence
They combined with Congregationalists to attack Presbyterianism
Parliaments reordering of the Church
1641 Root Branch Petition debated
1642 Clerical Disabilities Bill - bishops excluded from the lords
1643 Parliament creates Westminister Assembly - Assembly of the Divines
1643- Solemn League and Covenant
1644- ‘Bill of attainder’ - and executed 1645
1644 James I english prayer book (1604) outlawed and replaced by the directory of public worship
1646 Episcopacy abolished by ordinance drafted by Oliver St John in October / with their lands to be sold off
1647- Court courts had been abolished and many festivals outlawed
1647 A new form of Presbyterianism was introduced - subordinate to parliament
1648- 2 new catechisms were created -larger and shorter levels
Radicalism : responsibility for war
Pamphlets of August 1643 blamed London for rebellion and war = royalist writer - Brehenhead
On the side of Parliament ‘London’s new colours Displaid’ July 1468 endorsed London’s credentials ‘example towards freedom’
Radicalisation: mobilisation at Turnham Green
Mobilisation of London 1642 made king leave
Nov 1642- Brooke called on London merchants —> led to massed ranks of Londoners who persuaded the king to withdraw to oxford from Turnham Green
1642- several ordinances
Humble proposal of safety May 1643- recommended shutting of shops
Radicalism: control of London militia
Became focal point for political radicalism
1643+44, the Salters Hall Committee pushes to create its own private army for the city of London, which would be managed by a Committee and not the king or corporation
Radicalism: City councils ‘petition and remonstrance’
Placed people not king at heart of political process
—> sovereign authority came from silk of people and thus Parliament = more significant
Political leaders in London such as Warned and Mainwaring sat in parliament as on key government committees like militia committees
They acted as a bridge between London radicalism and Parliament debates —> radical developments
Radicalism in new model army
Moderate Presbyterian, Baxten visited the army and Naseby and were :O
He understood the war was being fought in part to maintain Anglican Church against papist onslaught.
He believed new model army was aiming at a revolution within church attempting to subvert the church by introducing democracy into church government which he understood to be dreadful
Baxter backed this
Consequences
Soldiers who fought for new model army entered an organisation that was engaged in 2 related but distinctive battles
On the one hand - the New model army was fighting to win the battle for constitutional settlement between king and parl
On the other hand- some felt that it was engaged in an apocalyptic struggle in which the godly soldiers of the true church fought against the anti christ
Radicalism: newspapers
Invented early year of civil war
Typical content included battlefield news, reports of speeches by the king and accounts of debates in Parliament often accompanied by opinionated commentary and satirical cartoons
On the whole - parl titles tended to be more accurate
Pro Royalists less truthful but more funny
Radicalism: emergence of propaganda
King fled field at naseby 1645 leaving behind possessions including a cabinet filled with personal correspondence from 2 years
Within a month pro parliamentary printers published selected letters on a pamphlet entitled ‘The Kings Cabinet opened’
The correspondence included private letters from king to marquis of ormand encourgaing him to suspend anti catholic legislation
Edward attack on religious radicalising new model army
Radicalism: spread of public debate
Between 1640+1643 over 400 pamphlets emerged in London - mainly concerned with defending Protestantism and written by assorted clergy lawyers and laymen
By 1644, the content of pamphlets began to show a new stand emerging in religious discourse as the Presbyterian puritans argued against advocates of a new form of Congregationalist imported from the new world as best model of church governance
Radicalism: Milton and areopagitica
The works of Milton provide insightful observations about the heart of London during this period
Where some saw chaos and disorder, he was excited by the risk of free thinking that the loosening of boundaries had been enabled
Radicalism: the growth of sects
!!!
Sect = independent religious groups
6 reasons why parliament won the first civil war
resources
Building armies
Alliances
Political struggles
Winning battles
Learning from experience
Civil war: resources
Royalist
- Controls areas —> access to leather, coal and iron
- pop area - control —-> York (10,000)
Parliament
- control of large towns like London (propaganda and pop 350,000-400,000)
- London - major stores of weapons
- Norwich - cloth and high pop (20,000)
- Bristol - cloth
- parliament captured York
- ordinance meant can resource war better
- linger war = harder for king
Civil war: building armies, Royalist
Commissions of array 1642
1642- County committees of wealthier of gentry formed to raise money and recruit soldiers -liaise with the commanders of local garrisons so their needs could be met out of local taxation. Could also confiscate estates of parliamentarians
6 military districts formed by grouping counties under regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ 1643
1644- regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ replaced by ruthless professional soldiers with no local ties
Beginning of war - raising money and troops = in hands of local gentry and wealthy lords like earl of Newcastle who raised and equipped a regiment of infantry - the ‘Whitecoats’ out of his own pocket
Summer 1642 loans and gifts poured into king as pledge of loyalty
1644 Oxford Parliament passed a bill legalising conscription along with excise tax on basic commodities. By this time parl had done for year.
Charles armies - personal rivalries.
Eg edgehill - Charles put Rupert as independent command of cavalry.
-Lindsey so sad- quit post - and fought with infantry where he died
Civil war: building armies, parliamentarians
Militia ordinance 1642
July 1642- committee of safety to oversee conducts of war and voted to raise an army
August officers were sent from London to co-ordinate county defence and soon county committees were formed
1643- ordinances
1644- parl put Manchester in direct control over tax assessments raised on eastern counties
Associations - Eastern association was most effective
1645 fairfax in command of NMA
Fairfax married Presbyterian - good relationship
NMA and Scot = allies
Civil war making alliances: royalists
Cessation but parl had control of navy so prevented large number of Irish forces to come to England. And Irish troops available for such service - smaller that thought
Montrose -> had support from highland = largely catholic.
- successful campaign, forced Covenanters to divert forged from England
- he was defeated 1645
Henrietta Maria
Went to Europe for a year 1642
Came with weapons and money but no continental power had any intention of intervening
Royalist councils were divided.
Henrietta maria urged Charles to fight till parliament defeated but Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with parliament. Rivals between commandeers was fierce and some event fought duels among selves
Charles= poor judge of character - digby advises fighting new model army at Naseby despite outnumbered 2:1. Goring was an able commander when sober but proved disastrous when drunk
Charles - grudges - blames Rupert for loss of Bristol
Civil war, making alliances, Parliament
Parliament has control of navy
King —> bad propaganda —> as letters to pope and Spain for help was intercepted
Charles tried to help York
(Scots going too)
Stops Charles from his acc goal
Argyll - presses for alliance with England - led to solemn league and covenant
Civil war - political struggles - royalists
Unified command but he does not listen to everyone
Charles sides with Cavaliers against moderate royalists - this may have contributed to Falklands death
1643- King says parl= illegal
1644- Hyde persuaded king to open oxford parliament - idea to show Charles intended to work hand in hand with loyal Parliament once war over.
This might persuade parliamentarians to swap sides
This drew support of 175 MPs
And a lot of public support
Civil war political struggles, Parliament
Political division with peace and war party 1642-44
And marten - radical - abolish monarchy
To win war - leaders of ‘war party’ had to
•convince moderates - X revolution
•prevent peace party from making a dishonourable peace
•prevent parl switching alliance
AND they had to pass legislations
Civil war winning battles
Charles made self commander in chief - unified command at start - but was a poor tactician A his fault
Learning from experience:
Edgehill - both sides assumed other would give in at first sight of blood.
-plan of Naseby suggested armies were arranged before battle in a disciplined and organised way. Once battle joined however, order could quickly collapse. When this happened a great deal depended on soldiers and quality of leadership of their officers
Marston Moor
1644- Royalist army of 18,000 commanded by Rupert faced Parl and Scot of 27000 on Marston Moor.
-Ruperts army - flat Moor - relying on ditch to slow parl cavalry if charged.
-parliaments army positioned by Cromwell
-army had advantage of height
For royalists - invisible - hidden in folds in hill
- road and ditch = protection from ruperts cavalruc
EVENING Rupert had dinner - too late for anyone to come
-Leslie saw they were relaxing and attacked
How was Charles the reason he lost the civil war
Charles = poor judge of character- lead to mistakes. Lord digby advises fighting new model army at naseby despite outnumbered 2:1
Charles bore grudges - blamed Rupert for loss of Bristol
Charles made himself commander in chief of royalist forces - gave him unified and strong command at start of war but Charles was poor tactician and so he’s reponsible l
Charles relies on foreign aid. His nephews Rupert and Maurice were key to royalist war effort. Charles captured letters
Ceccasation
Charles administration became less effective as war went on. He set up seperate council in Bristol and in north - weakened his control
Charles indisisive - failed to capitalise victories in 1643 when royalists were in the ascendancy after Adwalton Moor, Roundway Down and capture of Bristol. Royalists lost initiative and early advantage
Charles initially appointed powerful and influential men through commissions of array. But they were often ineffective commanders and when more experienced commanders appointed eg Rupert —> causes division in royalist councils
How did Henrietta Maria and other royalist figures lead to Charles losing the civil war
Royalist councils were divided. Henrietta Maria urged Charles to fight on until parliament was defeated while Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with Parliament. Rivalry between commanders was fierce and some events fought duels among selves
A sense of honour weakened the royalists.
Newcastle disappeared abroad after his failure at Marston Moor rather than have his honour questioned. Henrietta Maria repeatedly told Charles it would be dishonourable to negotiate
Royalists controlled poorer parts of the country such as Cornwall and wales. This our them at a disadvantage in a prolonged war as the King found it more difficult to raise money and troops
Charles allowed Rupert and Goring to plunder and sack towns to gain supplies. Parliamentary propaganda attacked their brutality and used this win support
Clubmen uprisings hampered the royalist war effort more than parliament. Royalists were seen as more exploitative and brutal than the more disciplined parliamentary forces
Rupert, Goring and other royalist cavalry commanders were effective but undisciplined. At edgehill they could have crushed the parliamentary infantry if they had returned the battlefield after routing their cavalry
How did london help parliament win war
Parliament controlled London and all the major ports, until fall of Bristol 1643.
This allowed them to control and tax imports and hampered Charles’ attempts to bring in supplies from abroad
Parliament controlled london and major industrial areas of the country. This allowed them to manufacture arms, clothes and other equipment.
Parliament controlled wealth parts of England in London, East Anglia and the South East. The city of London provided vital loans that helped to finance the parliamentary war effort.
How did parliamentary figures lead to parliament winning the civil war
Cromwell was an able commander. This disciplined cavalry proved decisive at Marston Moor, and after the formation of the New Model Army at Naseby
Until his death in 1643 Pym was skillful in keeping peace and war factions together. He also helped create the Solemn League and Covenant which gained Parliament valuable ally in the Scots
Parliament created a powerful administration, especially under the direction of Pym in early 1643. They passed ordinances which raised money and men
Other factors leading to parliament winning the civil war
Parliament controlled he navy which enabled them to develop logistics and supply strongholds such as Hull and Plymouth that were in Royalist territory. They also hampered Charles’ attempts to able to gain supplies from Ireland and abroad
Parliament created effective administration at county level, creating country committees controlled by loyal supporters. These were important in raising taxes and manpower needed to win a prolonged war.
Parliament developed a much stronger intelligence, espionage and scouting network. In 1645 parliament knew the locations about strengths of royalist forces, and they capturing important letters between Goring and the main Royalist forces.
