First Covil War Flashcards

Question

Langport

Answer 1

Took place after Naseby and helped lead to recapturing if Bristol form Prince Rupert This denied Charles access to port and was a significant blow to royalist morale

Answer 2

Royalist raise standard at Nottingham Edgehill end in stalemate Turnham Green saves London

Answer 3

Oxford treaty negotiations fail Royalist capture Bristol Roundway down- highest point of royalist victories Solemn league and covenant Siege of Gloucester relieved by Parliament

Answer 4

Copredy bridge defeat for Waller Parliament secured north and marston Moor Essex humiliated at Lostwithiel 2nd Battle of Newbury damages rep of Manchester

Answer 5

New model and self denying ordinance Unxbridge negotiations fail New model victorious at Naseby Langport secures west for Parliament Parliament capture Bristol

Answer 6

King surrenders at Newark

Answer 7

1642+ Use of ordinances collect revenues 1643 Formation of associations 1643 Solemn League and Covenant 1645 Self-denying ordinance 1645 Creation of the new model army

Answer 8

Assessment ordinance Sequestration ordinance Compulsory loans ordinance Excuse ordinance Impressment ordinance

Answer 9

Weekly assessments imposing a specific a sum of tax from each county Unlike parliament subsidy, the assessments were based on ship money returns of the 1630s and therefore reflected more accurately the country’s actual wealth

Answer 10

Confiscated the property of royalists Their estates were managed by local commissioners who used the profits to support parliaments war effort

Answer 11

Everyone worth £10 a year from land or £100 a year in goods to lend 1/5 of revenue of their estate or half of their value in other forms of property to Parliament

Answer 12

A sales tax on a wide range of essential commodities and food stuff including beer and salt

Answer 13

Introduced conscription, this ending parliaments reliance on volunteers This helped to counteract the effects of desertion and enabled parliament to build larger armies

Answer 14

Violence Destruction Division - families split often over money Disease Death Hunger

Answer 15

Militia ordinance claims control of county militias - March 1642 —> County committees formed under officers sent from London August 1642 MILITARY CHANGES Association armies formed by grouping counties together under aristocratic officers 1643 —> Self denying ordinance takes military commands away from aristocrats and gives them to professional soldiers 1645 —> New model army formed by grouping association armies and other forces 1645 ADMINISTRATIVE AND FISCAL CHANGES -County committees enforce series of ordinances 1643 —> County committees answerable to central committees based in London

Answer 16

Early in the war Parliament suffered from the problem that local militias were often unwilling to operate outside their locality This was solved through the formation of associations. Eg the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire joined their military resources together in the Eastern Association The commander of the Eastern Association army was Edward Montagu, Earl of Manchester, w Oliver Cromwell as his cavalry commander In August 1643, Manchester was given significant powers, including the ability to impress 20,000 men into the Eastern Association Army

Answer 17

1643 Scotland said they will fight for Presbyterianism

Answer 18

Scotland worried about royalist victories 1643 as Presbyterian leaders feared that if Charles subdued parliament’s opposition, he would then use his army to reduce the Scots to obedience Parliament was eager for help from a Scots army, so their commissioners agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant. The Scots believed that this bound the English to establish Presbyterian government in the English church However the treaty actually states that England would model its church on the ‘best reformed churches’- the Scots thought this meant their church, English did not Parliament called Westminster Assembly to advice it on the gov and doctrine of the Church of England. It convened 1 July 1643 + made up largely of ministers from parliamentary controlled areas, and a few laymen appointed by parliament. A delegation of Scottish commissioners also attended proceedings HOC and Westminister Assembly took the Solemn League and Covenant on Sept 1643. England then sent Scotland the money to raise and equip an army Jan 1644- Scottish army of 20,000 commanded by Leslie crosses the border. They played an important role in the parliamentary victory at marston Moor

Answer 19

Negotiations between parl and Scot —> Charles forced to seek military help from Ireland On behalf on Charles, Ormand entered negotiations with Confederates in April 1643 and the Cessation of Arms was signed in September 1644 In exchange for money and supplies to royalists in England, confederates were; •promised the possibility of freedom of worship to Catholics and making constitutional reforms in Ireland •allowed gov troops stationed in Ireland to return to England to fight for royalists BUT parl used the situation to their advantage- implying that returning troops were blood thirsty Irish papists- this playing upon the worst fear of English Protestants

Answer 20

montagu- ‘If we fight 100 battles and beat him 99 times he will be king But if he beats us but once or the last time, we will be hung’ Cromwell: ‘Why did we take arms in the first place’

Answer 21

Oliver Cromwell and MPs passed it December 1644 In response to half hearted military command It required all MPs to resign their commissions in the armed forces A slightly revised version of it April 1645 allowed MPs to be re-appointed to military command Cromwell reigned his place as did Essex and Manchester but he was reappointed but they were not

Answer 22

Formed in January 1645 Differed from other armies in series of civil wars as it was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country inc Scot and Ireland, rather than being tied to a single area of garrison It’s soldiers became full-time professionals rather than part time militia Parliament used the self-denying ordinance to remove unwanted aristocratic officers It was led by Fairfax, with Cromwell in charge of cavalry and Skippon in charge of the infantry

Answer 23

22,000 soldiers 6600 cavalry 14,400 infantry One regiment of 1000 dragoon’s Units from existing parliamentarian armies of the earl of Essex, the southern association under the Earl of Manchester were reassigned to provide regiments for the new army Although cavalry regiments already strong and there were loads of volunteers, the regiments of foot soldiers needed 7000 reinforcements to be brought up to full strength Men were impressed from parliamentarian held areas in the south and east to provide necessary drafts, but many deserted and army was still 4000 men short of its paper infantry established May 1645

Answer 24

Raised partly from among veteran soldiers who already held deeply Puritan religious convictions, and partly from conscripts who brought with them many commonly held beliefs about religion or society Many of its common soldiers therefore held Dissenting or radical views unique among English armies Although the army’s senior officers did not share many of soldiers political opinions, the independence from parl led army’s willingness to contribute to overthrow both crown and parl authority to establish commonwealth of England from 1649-1660, which included a period of direct military rule

Answer 25

Departure from tradition Support for complete political or social reform (Old meaning of radicalism - not a departure from tradition)

Answer 26

Parliament Westminister Assembly London Army

Answer 27

Emergence of important modern democratic ideas within this period - although these were often in an embryonic form: * concept of individual liberty * religious toleration * democracy - widening franchise

Answer 28

Period of considerable social change Emphasise role of class conflict and rising bourgeois class (middle class) who challenge the way the country is run and provoke hostilities Some regarded religious radicalism as a cover for deeper social and political radicalism

Answer 29

Some deny the importance of ideological or class struggle Russell argues the civil wars were not revolutionary or radicalism but caused by a combination of the structural weaknesses of Stuart government and the mistakes of Charles Adamson saw the civil wars as the campaign of a tightly-knit group of nobles to bring down Charles’ government and erect their own aristocratic ‘commonwealth’ Others like Morrill emphasise the importance of religious radicalism but see it as important in its own right

Answer 30

Henry marten Henry cane the younger Haselrig Strode

Answer 31

Holles -end war asap -parl passing laws that threaten to undermine liberties more than king If he wins war we get no mercy Pym - prepare for war - negotiate for peace - when king realised that we can win- hell accept our deals (will be more inclined too) Marten Fight and win King won’t negotiate in good faith If he keeps rejecting - change of dynasty or republic

Answer 32

Holles No it’s a mistake King will bring troops from Ireland Spain or France Anger king and make negotiations harder Pym Yes they are kings subjects We need their help esp in north If we ally s them king won’t make a deal w them Marten Scottish alliance essential When times comes we may not honour Presbyterian church But rn its a price worth paying

Answer 33

Holles - yes he is losing the war So we must make peace. If he can’t win the war for Parliament no one can Pym -doing a good job in difficult circumstances To take away his command would cause panic Marten Replace him with someone who will fight more vigorously Of give Waller an independent command in west

Answer 34

Pym and Hamden died Polarised 1644 2 factions Presbyterianism - peace faction Independent - war faction and radical

Answer 35

Leading members: holles, Manchester and Essex Aim- end war through negotiations Promotions from lower ranks should be discouraged. War threatens social disorder A national Presbyterian church to replace church on England. Compulsory attendance will prevent kingdom descending into religious anarchy A Presbyterian church settlement will consolidate our alliance with Scotland. In time it could even pave the way for the unification of the 2 kingdoms

Answer 36

Leading members: Cromwell, ireton, saye and sele, Oliver st John Aim: win war ‘The state in choosing men to serve them, takes to notice of their opinions. If they be willing faithfully to serve them, that satisfies’ ~ Cromwell The Scots entered war for one reason We like them as allies They must not expect to dictate to us the terms on which we settle the kingdom when the war ends

Answer 37

1643 Presbyterians against Scots Independents for Scots 1644 Former Independents see Presbyterianism as a threat to religious liberators and as an acceptable settlement w king Former presbyterians now see Scottish presbyterians as the best way to control religious radicals and reach agreement with king

Answer 38

The process of war and steps taken to secure victory altered attitudes and perceptions in unforeseen ways There was an upsurge in support for peace party At the same time new and radical ideas emerged among the war party

Answer 39

Overwhelming desire for peace - reflected in clubman uprisings High level of death, destruction and distribution in many parts of country Parliamentary taxation and royalist demands dwarfed Charles financial measures before 1640 This translated in a desire by some to retur to pre war normality as soon as possible

Answer 40

The strains of war effort and parliamentary propaganda needed to maintain it encouraged radical ideas New ideas and expectations developed among those who had fought most enthusiastically for Parliament The need to win the war led to new idea such as the need for meritocracy in officers - which resulted in self-denying ordinance The need to win over the Scots helped to secure the abolition of episcopacy The abolition of bishops and prerogative courts further encouraged radicalism from 1641 There was no longer any effective control over preachers There was also no effective control over the press or censorship from 164 until parliament introduced the licensing act 1643 This allowed religious and political radicals to emerge from hiding or prison such as Overton who was the founder of the leveller movement

Answer 41

Parliament called Westminister Assembly 1643 in prep for solemn league and covenant It formed 3 main factions • Presbyterians •Congregationalists/independents •erastians

Answer 42

Majority of assembly members supported Presbyterian policy - church gov by elected assemblies of lay and clerical representatives However many were not dogmatically committed to it Several members of this group, numbering about 20 and including Twisse, favoured a ‘primitive’ episcopacy, which would include elements of Presbyterianism and a reduced role for bishops

Answer 43

Independents were a small minority in the Westminister Assembly but they were significant in terms of parliamentary support They considered themselves Congregationalists, who favoured the right of self government for individual local churches Their most influential divines were Goodwin, Nye, Simpson, Burroughs and Bridge They were often called the ‘dissenting brethren’ in the assembly They did not like being called independent as they did not favour complete

Answer 44

3rd group of divines were known as Erastians, a term for those who believed that the state should have significant power over the church Believed that civil authority, rather than church officers, should hold the power of church discipline. This included the power to withhold communion from unrepentant sinners There were only 2 divine at Assembly who held the view, Lighthood and Coleman, but the presence of MPs, especially Selden, as well as the fact of parliamentary oversight of the assembly, gave erastian views disproportional influence They combined with Congregationalists to attack Presbyterianism

Answer 45

1641 Root Branch Petition debated 1642 Clerical Disabilities Bill - bishops excluded from the lords 1643 Parliament creates Westminister Assembly - Assembly of the Divines 1643- Solemn League and Covenant 1644- ‘Bill of attainder’ - and executed 1645 1644 James I english prayer book (1604) outlawed and replaced by the directory of public worship 1646 Episcopacy abolished by ordinance drafted by Oliver St John in October / with their lands to be sold off 1647- Court courts had been abolished and many festivals outlawed 1647 A new form of Presbyterianism was introduced - subordinate to parliament 1648- 2 new catechisms were created -larger and shorter levels

Answer 46

Pamphlets of August 1643 blamed London for rebellion and war = royalist writer - Brehenhead On the side of Parliament ‘London’s new colours Displaid’ July 1468 endorsed London’s credentials ‘example towards freedom’

Answer 47

Mobilisation of London 1642 made king leave Nov 1642- Brooke called on London merchants —> led to massed ranks of Londoners who persuaded the king to withdraw to oxford from Turnham Green 1642- several ordinances Humble proposal of safety May 1643- recommended shutting of shops

Answer 48

Became focal point for political radicalism 1643+44, the Salters Hall Committee pushes to create its own private army for the city of London, which would be managed by a Committee and not the king or corporation

Answer 49

Placed people not king at heart of political process —> sovereign authority came from silk of people and thus Parliament = more significant Political leaders in London such as Warned and Mainwaring sat in parliament as on key government committees like militia committees They acted as a bridge between London radicalism and Parliament debates —> radical developments

Answer 50

Moderate Presbyterian, Baxten visited the army and Naseby and were :O He understood the war was being fought in part to maintain Anglican Church against papist onslaught. He believed new model army was aiming at a revolution within church attempting to subvert the church by introducing democracy into church government which he understood to be dreadful Baxter backed this Consequences Soldiers who fought for new model army entered an organisation that was engaged in 2 related but distinctive battles On the one hand - the New model army was fighting to win the battle for constitutional settlement between king and parl On the other hand- some felt that it was engaged in an apocalyptic struggle in which the godly soldiers of the true church fought against the anti christ

Answer 51

Invented early year of civil war Typical content included battlefield news, reports of speeches by the king and accounts of debates in Parliament often accompanied by opinionated commentary and satirical cartoons On the whole - parl titles tended to be more accurate Pro Royalists less truthful but more funny

Answer 52

King fled field at naseby 1645 leaving behind possessions including a cabinet filled with personal correspondence from 2 years Within a month pro parliamentary printers published selected letters on a pamphlet entitled ‘The Kings Cabinet opened’ The correspondence included private letters from king to marquis of ormand encourgaing him to suspend anti catholic legislation Edward attack on religious radicalising new model army

Answer 53

Between 1640+1643 over 400 pamphlets emerged in London - mainly concerned with defending Protestantism and written by assorted clergy lawyers and laymen By 1644, the content of pamphlets began to show a new stand emerging in religious discourse as the Presbyterian puritans argued against advocates of a new form of Congregationalist imported from the new world as best model of church governance

Answer 54

The works of Milton provide insightful observations about the heart of London during this period Where some saw chaos and disorder, he was excited by the risk of free thinking that the loosening of boundaries had been enabled

Answer 55

Sect = independent religious groups

Answer 56

resources Building armies Alliances Political struggles Winning battles Learning from experience

Answer 57

Royalist - Controls areas —> access to leather, coal and iron - pop area - control —-> York (10,000) Parliament - control of large towns like London (propaganda and pop 350,000-400,000) - London - major stores of weapons - Norwich - cloth and high pop (20,000) - Bristol - cloth - parliament captured York - ordinance meant can resource war better - linger war = harder for king

Answer 58

Commissions of array 1642 1642- County committees of wealthier of gentry formed to raise money and recruit soldiers -liaise with the commanders of local garrisons so their needs could be met out of local taxation. Could also confiscate estates of parliamentarians 6 military districts formed by grouping counties under regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ 1643 1644- regional aristocratic ‘grandees’ replaced by ruthless professional soldiers with no local ties Beginning of war - raising money and troops = in hands of local gentry and wealthy lords like earl of Newcastle who raised and equipped a regiment of infantry - the ‘Whitecoats’ out of his own pocket Summer 1642 loans and gifts poured into king as pledge of loyalty 1644 Oxford Parliament passed a bill legalising conscription along with excise tax on basic commodities. By this time parl had done for year. Charles armies - personal rivalries. Eg edgehill - Charles put Rupert as independent command of cavalry. -Lindsey so sad- quit post - and fought with infantry where he died

Answer 59

Militia ordinance 1642 July 1642- committee of safety to oversee conducts of war and voted to raise an army August officers were sent from London to co-ordinate county defence and soon county committees were formed 1643- ordinances 1644- parl put Manchester in direct control over tax assessments raised on eastern counties Associations - Eastern association was most effective 1645 fairfax in command of NMA Fairfax married Presbyterian - good relationship NMA and Scot = allies

Answer 60

Cessation but parl had control of navy so prevented large number of Irish forces to come to England. And Irish troops available for such service - smaller that thought Montrose -> had support from highland = largely catholic. - successful campaign, forced Covenanters to divert forged from England - he was defeated 1645 Henrietta Maria Went to Europe for a year 1642 Came with weapons and money but no continental power had any intention of intervening Royalist councils were divided. Henrietta maria urged Charles to fight till parliament defeated but Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with parliament. Rivals between commandeers was fierce and some event fought duels among selves Charles= poor judge of character - digby advises fighting new model army at Naseby despite outnumbered 2:1. Goring was an able commander when sober but proved disastrous when drunk Charles - grudges - blames Rupert for loss of Bristol

Answer 61

Parliament has control of navy King —> bad propaganda —> as letters to pope and Spain for help was intercepted Charles tried to help York (Scots going too) Stops Charles from his acc goal Argyll - presses for alliance with England - led to solemn league and covenant

Answer 62

Unified command but he does not listen to everyone Charles sides with Cavaliers against moderate royalists - this may have contributed to Falklands death 1643- King says parl= illegal 1644- Hyde persuaded king to open oxford parliament - idea to show Charles intended to work hand in hand with loyal Parliament once war over. This might persuade parliamentarians to swap sides This drew support of 175 MPs And a lot of public support

Answer 63

Political division with peace and war party 1642-44 And marten - radical - abolish monarchy To win war - leaders of ‘war party’ had to •convince moderates - X revolution •prevent peace party from making a dishonourable peace •prevent parl switching alliance AND they had to pass legislations

Answer 64

Charles made self commander in chief - unified command at start - but was a poor tactician A his fault Learning from experience: Edgehill - both sides assumed other would give in at first sight of blood. -plan of Naseby suggested armies were arranged before battle in a disciplined and organised way. Once battle joined however, order could quickly collapse. When this happened a great deal depended on soldiers and quality of leadership of their officers Marston Moor 1644- Royalist army of 18,000 commanded by Rupert faced Parl and Scot of 27000 on Marston Moor. -Ruperts army - flat Moor - relying on ditch to slow parl cavalry if charged. -parliaments army positioned by Cromwell -army had advantage of height For royalists - invisible - hidden in folds in hill - road and ditch = protection from ruperts cavalruc EVENING Rupert had dinner - too late for anyone to come -Leslie saw they were relaxing and attacked

Answer 65

Charles = poor judge of character- lead to mistakes. Lord digby advises fighting new model army at naseby despite outnumbered 2:1 Charles bore grudges - blamed Rupert for loss of Bristol Charles made himself commander in chief of royalist forces - gave him unified and strong command at start of war but Charles was poor tactician and so he’s reponsible l Charles relies on foreign aid. His nephews Rupert and Maurice were key to royalist war effort. Charles captured letters Ceccasation Charles administration became less effective as war went on. He set up seperate council in Bristol and in north - weakened his control Charles indisisive - failed to capitalise victories in 1643 when royalists were in the ascendancy after Adwalton Moor, Roundway Down and capture of Bristol. Royalists lost initiative and early advantage Charles initially appointed powerful and influential men through commissions of array. But they were often ineffective commanders and when more experienced commanders appointed eg Rupert —> causes division in royalist councils

Answer 66

Royalist councils were divided. Henrietta Maria urged Charles to fight on until parliament was defeated while Hyde and Falkland encouraged negotiations with Parliament. Rivalry between commanders was fierce and some events fought duels among selves A sense of honour weakened the royalists. Newcastle disappeared abroad after his failure at Marston Moor rather than have his honour questioned. Henrietta Maria repeatedly told Charles it would be dishonourable to negotiate Royalists controlled poorer parts of the country such as Cornwall and wales. This our them at a disadvantage in a prolonged war as the King found it more difficult to raise money and troops Charles allowed Rupert and Goring to plunder and sack towns to gain supplies. Parliamentary propaganda attacked their brutality and used this win support Clubmen uprisings hampered the royalist war effort more than parliament. Royalists were seen as more exploitative and brutal than the more disciplined parliamentary forces Rupert, Goring and other royalist cavalry commanders were effective but undisciplined. At edgehill they could have crushed the parliamentary infantry if they had returned the battlefield after routing their cavalry

Answer 67

Parliament controlled London and all the major ports, until fall of Bristol 1643. This allowed them to control and tax imports and hampered Charles’ attempts to bring in supplies from abroad Parliament controlled london and major industrial areas of the country. This allowed them to manufacture arms, clothes and other equipment. Parliament controlled wealth parts of England in London, East Anglia and the South East. The city of London provided vital loans that helped to finance the parliamentary war effort.

Answer 68

Cromwell was an able commander. This disciplined cavalry proved decisive at Marston Moor, and after the formation of the New Model Army at Naseby Until his death in 1643 Pym was skillful in keeping peace and war factions together. He also helped create the Solemn League and Covenant which gained Parliament valuable ally in the Scots Parliament created a powerful administration, especially under the direction of Pym in early 1643. They passed ordinances which raised money and men

Answer 69

Parliament controlled he navy which enabled them to develop logistics and supply strongholds such as Hull and Plymouth that were in Royalist territory. They also hampered Charles’ attempts to able to gain supplies from Ireland and abroad Parliament created effective administration at county level, creating country committees controlled by loyal supporters. These were important in raising taxes and manpower needed to win a prolonged war. Parliament developed a much stronger intelligence, espionage and scouting network. In 1645 parliament knew the locations about strengths of royalist forces, and they capturing important letters between Goring and the main Royalist forces.